Alloxan

Euphorbia hirta linn., is a species of Euphorbiaceae family. They are known as asthma plant, barokhervi. The plant E. hirta is famous for its medicinal importance among the tribal population. It is a common practice to use the whole to heal wounds. Several pharmacological properties including antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antidibetic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anticonvulsant, nootropic, antifertility and aphrodisiac properties have already been reported for this plant. The aim of present work was to evaluate the wound healing property in diabetic animals by oral and topical administration of ethanolic extract of E. hirta whole plant. The ethanolic extract of E. hirta was subjected to determine the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content using galic acid and quercetin, respectively as standard. A single injection of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg, i.p.) prepared in normal saline was administered to produce diabetes in rats, after overnight fasti...

The hypoglycaemic effects of Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Husk was studied on 20 alloxan-induced diabetic female rats which were randomly grouped into two (n=10). Group I served as control while group II served as experimental groups. The rats were made diabetic by intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg of alloxan. The extract was obtained by cooking the husk in boiling water for 45 minutes in a gas stove flame at a 100 degree Celsius and the fluid was filtered out and kept as the tea for the experiment. The control group was given 2 ml of 0.9 % (normal) saline daily and group II was given 2 ml of the coconut husk tea only daily by Oro-gastric tube and random blood sugar was measured daily in the rats. The weights of the rats were checked daily using a digital electronic weighing balance. At the end of the experiments the animals were sacrificed and the pancreas harvested and histopathological slides made. In the treated diabetic rats, blood glucose levels were significantly reduce...

In the searching for new substances with the capacity to protect beta-cells from the toxic effects of alloxan, we evaluated the effect of L-arginine and the polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine in a murine experimental model of diabetes. Diabetes was induced by the i.p. injection of either 200 mg/kg (24-h experiments) or 120 mg/kg (12 days experiments) body weight. L-Arginine and polyamines were administered 10 min before or 10 min after alloxan administration, once its half-life had elapsed, respectively. In the 24-h study, serum glucose (199.8+/-27.6 mg/dl) and triglyceride (54.6+/-4.9 mg/dl) concentrations showed a protective effect of spermine, as these parameters were not too high (P < or = 0.05), compared to the alloxan-treated group (415.4+/-47.8 and 90.2+/-11.6 mg/dl, respectively), and were closer to glucose (132.3+/-6.0 mg/dl) and similar to triglycerides (63.8+/-7.1 mg/dl) of the control group. A similar pattern was observed on the parameters measured when L-arginine and polyamines were administered daily for 12 days, starting 10 min after a single alloxan administration, which provides evidence that L-arginine and polyamines are effective in impeding the increase in serum glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol concentration showed on day 3 by the alloxan-treated group, as well as a higher acinar cell regenerative capacity as determined by immunohistochemical techniques. Spermine turning out to be more effective than L-arginine, putrescine or spermidine in counteracting the marked hyperglycemia and triglyceridemia showed by the alloxan-treated group and similar in effect when evaluating cholesterolemia. These results show a clear protective role of L-arginine and polyamines over the pancreatic beta-cell, in addition to the induction of neogenesis from both ductal and acinar cells that leads to the recovery of endocrine pancreatic function in rats with experimental diabetes.

To investigate antidiabetic effect of the leaves of Combretum micranthum G. Don, a medicinal plant used for treating diabetes in Northwestern Nigeria.Three doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum were administered to normal glucose loaded, subdiabetic and diabetic rats.Of the doses tested, 100 mg/kg of the extract was the most effective. It produces a significant hypoglycaemic and antidiabetic activity comparable to the effect of standard drug (0.6 mg/kg glibenclemide).This study demonstrated the potential antidiabetic property of aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum thus justifying its traditional usage.

Background:In continuation of our study of the biological activity of the aqueous extract ofMethods:Thirty male albino Wistar rats (150−200 g) were weight-matched into six groups of five rats each. Groups 1 and 2 were the normal (non-induced) and toxic (alloxan-induced) controls, respectively. Groups 3−6 were induced and treated with 1, 2 and 3 g/kg of the aqueous extract ofResults:There was a significant reduction in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin triglyceride, creatinine, urea and electrolyte when compared with toxic control group. The liver marker enzymes were restored in all the treated groups. The aqueous stem extract possessed hypoglycaemic effect and reversed the histopathological damage in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Conclusions:This study suggests that aqueous stem extract of

Diabetes mellitus is found in all parts of the world and is rapidly increasing in its coverage with alarming rate especially in Asia and Africa. Research is increasingly done with the aim of developing a relatively safe and efficacious anti-diabetic plant based products. Parallelly, this investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of the hydro alcoholic leaves crude extract of Indigofera spicata (ISP) on the blood glucose level(BGL) of normoglycemic, oral glucose loaded and alloxan induced diabetic rodents. The animals were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6) for all the aforementioned three models. In all models, group-I mice provided 2%tween-80, group-II were treated with 5 mg/kg glibenclamide and the remaining three groups (III, IV & V) were treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg dose of the extract respectively. Statistical significance of differences in BGLs within and between groups was analyzed by SPSS version-21 using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post h...

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of glutamine (L-Gln) or whey-protein supplementation on CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy male Wistar rats were used in the experiment. Eight rats served as baseline controls (G-1). The remaining 24 animals received alloxan 150mg/Kg intraperitonially dissolved in buffer solution and were equally distributed in 3 subgroups, upon induction of diabetes mellitus, and treated as follows: (G2): saline, 2.0ml; (G3): glutamine solution (0.7g/kg), 2.0 ml; and (G4): whey-protein (WPS) solution (0.7g/kg), 2.0 ml. All solutions were administered by daily 7:00 AM gavages during 30 days. Next, arterial blood samples (3.0 ml) were collected from anesthetized rats for CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte count through flow cytometry technology. RESULTS: CD4+ and CD8+ counts decreased significantly in all groups compared with baseline values (G1). G2 rats CD4+/CD8+ ratio decreased significantly compared with G1. CD4+/CD8+ ratio increased significantly (>260%) in L-Gln treated group (G3) compared with saline-treated rats (G2). There were no statistical differences in lymphocyte counts (CD4+ and CD8+) between L-Gln (G3) and saline-treated (G2) groups. There was a significant reduction in CD8+ cell count compared with CD4+ cell count in L-Gln treated rats (G3). CONCLUSION: The offer of L-Gln to experimental diabetic rats enhances the immunologic response to infection.

More than 100 million people worldwide are affected by a complex and heterogeneous disorder of Type 2 diabetes causing serious socio-ecologic problems. The different extracts of the bark of Cuscuta reflexa (Cuscutaceae – Dodder family) were tested for anti-diabetic activity, by alloxan induced diabetic rats and glucose tolerance test in normal rats. The blood glucose level of normal and experimental animals after oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg) the extract as well as standard drug treated animals showed more significant decrease in peak blood glucose level after 1 h. After 2 h, the extract treated animals tended to bring the values near normal. The extract produced significant decrease in the blood glucose level when compared with the controls in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats in the single dose experiment at the tested dose level and are comparable with the standard drug glibenclamide. The ethanolic extract reversed the weight loss of the diabetic rats and they returned to near normal. This study gave a clear view that the ethanolic extract prevented significant elevation of glycosylated hemoglobin in vitro, with IC50 value being 11.25 μg/ml that is comparable with the reference drug α- tocopherol, since the non-enzymatic glycosylation of hemoglobin is an oxidative reaction.
Keywords: Cuscuta reflexa, hypoglycemic activity, alloxan, glibenclamide, α- tocopherol.

To clarify the mechanisms of altered bone repair in the diabetic state, we investigated RANK, RANKL and OPG expression by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR in the fracture sites of rats that were either healthy or made diabetic by alloxan. Histomorphometric analysis of the fracture site at 7 days after fracture revealed that diabetic rats (db) have significantly less hard tissue formation at the fracture site, compared to controls. The number of RANK, RANKL and OPG positive cells was decreased in the db group; however, the RANKL/OPG ratio was similar in controls and db at this time. At day 14, numbers of RANKL and OPG positive cells and the mRNA expression for these markers were higher in the control group than in db (P = 0.008). The RANKL/OPG ratio in the db group was greater than in controls. Our results demonstrate an imbalance of RANKL/OPG expression associated with diabetes that may contribute to the delay of fracture repair during the course of diabetes.

The time-course of pancreatic lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione, and blood glucose were studied in adult male CD-1 mice after each of three sequential injections of alloxan, administered at intervals of 48 h. Twenty four hours after alloxan administration an increment of blood glucose and pancreatic lipoperoxidation was observed. Lipoperoxidation partially recovered, while blood glucose was increased after the third administration to a value of 150 mg/100 ml. Pancreas reduced glutathione content remained without any significant change throughout the experiment. These results suggest that the establishment of alloxan-induced diabetes is preceded by an increment in pancreatic lipid peroxidation that could be associated with permanent damage to pancreatic tissue.

Aegle marmelos Corr. (Rutaceae) is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The aqueous extract of Aegle marmelos seeds was administered orally at different doses (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg) to normal as well as sub (fasting blood glucose (FBG) normal; glucose tolerance abnormal) and mild (FBG 120–250 mg/dl) diabetic rats. The dose of 250 mg/kg was found to be most effective dose and it decreases blood glucose level (BGL) by 35.1% in normal healthy rats after 6 h of administration. The same dose also showed a marked reduction in BGL of 41.2% in sub and 33.2% in mild diabetic rats in glucose tolerance test (GTT) after 2 h. Treatment of severely (FBG >250 mg/dl) diabetic rats for 14 days with a dose of 250 mg/kg reduces the fasting blood glucose by 60.84% and urine sugar by 75% than their pretreatment levels. It brought about fall in level of total cholesterol (TC) by 25.49% with increase of 33.43% in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and decrease of 53.97 and 45.77% in low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG), respectively. These results clearly indicate that aqueous seed extract of Aegle marmelos possess antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects in diabetic rats.

Sandalwood finds numerous mentions across diverse traditional medicinal systems in use worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant potential of sandalwood oil and its major constituent α-santalol. The in vivo anti-hyperglycemic experiment was conducted in alloxan-induced diabetic male Swiss albino mice models. The in vivo antioxidant experiment was performed in d-galactose mediated oxidative stress induced male Swiss albino mice models. Intraperitoneal administration of α-santalol (100 mg/kg BW) and sandalwood oil (1 g/kg BW) for an week modulated parameters such as body weight, blood glucose, serum bilirubin, liver glycogen, and lipid peroxides contents to normoglycemic levels in the alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Similarly, intraperitoneal administration of α-santalol (100 mg/kg BW) and sandalwood oil (1 g/kg BW) for two weeks modulated parameters such as serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, superoxide dismutase, catalase, free sulfhydryl, protein carbonyl, nitric oxide, liver lipid peroxide contents, and antioxidant capacity in d-galactose mediated oxidative stress induced mice. Besides, it was observed that the beneficial effects of α-santalol were well complimented, differentially by other constituents present in sandalwood oil, thus indicating synergism in biological activity of this traditionally used bioresource.

OBJECTIVE To compare the duration and effects of aqueous methanol Acacia-nilotica leaves extract and glibenclamide as hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activity in diabetic rats. METHODS The experimental study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital in collaboration with National Institute of Health, Islamabad, from September 2010 to August 2011.Male Sprague Dawley albino rats were taken and divided into 8 equal groups. Groups I and II were the normal and diabetic control rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in group II to VIII by administering 110 mg/kg body weight alloxanand at day 4, fasting blood glucose level of >200 mg/dl confirmed diabetes. Acacia-nilotica leaves extract was given to group III, IV and V and glibenclamide to group VI to VIII for a period of 1-3 weeks. Blood samples were analysed for lipid profile using enzymatic calorimetric method and serum insulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS There were 64 rats in the study, w...

To investigate the blood glucose lowering effect of khat (Catha edulis) extract in normal, glucose-loaded, and alloxan diabetic rats. Three experimental protocols were used in this study. In each of the first 2 protocols, 3 groups of rats (6 rats per group) were used as control group (NS), Catha edulis (CE) treated, and glibenclamide treated groups. This study was carried out at the Physiological Laboratory of the Medical School of King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia between October and November, 2009. Normal rats were used in the first protocol while alloxan diabetic rats were used in the second protocol. Blood glucose levels were measured in all 3 groups after single dose injections of saline, CE or glibenclamide. In the third protocol, another 6 groups of rats (6 rats per group) were prepared as in the first 2 protocols and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on each rat after oral administration of glucose (1.5 g/kg). Oral administration of a hydro-ethanol ex...