Alternative Sanctions

Ovaj rad problematizira primjenu alternativnih sankcija i alternativnih mjera prema maloljetnim učiniocima krivičnih djela. Predmet rada su alternativne sankcije i mjere i njihova primjena. Cilj rada je opisati alternativne sankcije i mjere , navesti o kojim sankcijama i mjerama se radi. U radu je korišten metod sadržaja, normativni metod. Rezultati ovog rada pokazuju da se radi o mjerama i sankcijama koje imaju izuzetno dejstvo prema maloljetnicima u smislu rehabilitacije, reintegracije, jačanju ličnosti i uticanju na sami razvoj maloljetnika, njihov odgoj, preodgoj. Zatim ,odvraćanju od činjenja krivičnih djela. Ukuzaju na posljedice takvog ponašanja u društvu. Ovaj rad može da posluži kao osnov za dalja istraživanja u pogledu restorative pravde i dr.

Interrogé sur la «juste peine» à attribuer à quatre figures de délinquant (un chauffard, un cambrioleur, un violeur et un banquier malhonnête), une large part (48,4 %) d'un échan-tillon représentatif de la population suisse préconise, dans l'un des quatre cas au moins, de prononcer uniquement une sanction alternative – c'est-à-dire non prévue par le code pénal. Partant de ce constat, nous décrirons d'abord les types de sanctions alternatives suggérées pour chaque situation. Puis, nous interrogerons le profil des enquêtés ayant privilégié ces sanctions alternatives. L'analyse des sanctions alternatives proposées révèle une grande hétérogénéité en termes de finalité et de sévérité de la peine. Le fait de refuser une peine traditionnelle n'informe donc en rien sur la forme de justice préconisée à la place, ni sur son degré de punitivité. Par ailleurs, cet engouement pour les sanctions alternatives révèle une critique du système pénal contemporain et une forme de plébiscite pour un modèle pénal alternatif. Ce modèle – dont l'essor récent de la justice restauratrice à l'échelle internationale illustre la vigueur – propose une justice plus horizontale, plus personnalisée, et qui prend davantage en compte les victimes. Mais il ouvre aussi la porte à des sanctions potentiellement plus longues et contraignantes.
Mots-clés: sanctions alternatives, juste peine, modèles de justice, justice restaurative
Summary Asked about the «fair sentence» for four types of criminal offences (traffic offence, burglary , rape and money embezzlement), a large proportion (48.4 %) of a representative sample of the Swiss population advocates, in at least one of the four cases, to pronounce only an alternative sanction – that is to say, not provided for by the criminal code. Based on this finding, we first describe the types of alternative sanctions suggested for each offence. Then, we examine the profile of the respondents who opted for these alternative sanctions. The alternative sanctions proposed are heterogeneous regarding the purpose and the harshness of the sentence. Thus refusing a traditional sentence does not inform in any way about the form of justice advocated instead or its degree of harshness. Moreover, this enthusiasm for alternative sanctions reveals a critique of the contemporary penal system and a claim for an alternative penal model. This model – illustrated by the rise of restorative justice at the international level – offers a more horizontal and individualised justice that takes victims more into account. But it also takes a step towards potentially longer and more restrictive sanctions.

ÖZ: Bu çalışmada, kısa süreli hapis cezası ile seçenek yaptırımların mükerrer suçluluğun önlenmesi üzerindeki etkisi ampirik bulgular eşliğinde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada metot olarak arama, Campbell İşbirliği'nin sistematik derlemeler kütüphanesi ve Google akademik üzerinden sistematik olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, araştırmada belirlenen kriterlere göre hapis ve seçenek yaptırımların mükerrer suçluluğun önlenmesi üzerindeki etkisini değerlendiren üç meta-analiz çalışması tespit edilmiştir. Üç çalışmada da seçenek yaptırımların, hürriyeti bağlayıcı cezalara nazaran tekrar eden suçluluğun önlenmesinde daha etkili olduğuna, fakat bu etkinin kayda değer bir büyüklükte olmadığına ilişkin bulgular ortaya koyulmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bir çalışmada hapis cezasının mükerrer suçluluğun önlenmesinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olmadığı, bilakis tekrar eden suçluluğun artmasına neden olduğu görülmektedir. Çalışmada bulguların teori, uygulama ve bilimsel araştırmalar açısından doğurduğu sonuçlar tartışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Hapis cezası, kısa süreli hapis cezası, seçenek yaptırım, alternatif yaptırım, suçun önlenmesi, mükerrer suçluluk, sistematik derleme

ABSTRACT: This study aims to systematically review the results of research on the effect of short-term imprisonment and alternative sanctions on preventing recidivism. The systematic review in this study was carried out using resources at the Campbell Collaboration Library of Systematic Reviews and Google Scholar. Three meta-analytic studies about the effect of short-term imprisonment and alternative sanctions on preventing recidivism met the eligibility criterias set forth for this systematic review. These three studies include evaluations carried out between 1960 and 2013. All three meta-analytic studies suggest that alternative sanctions are more effective at preventing recidivism than imprisonment. However, the level of effectiviness is not significant. These three studies indicate that imprisonment does not have a statistically significant effect in preventing reoffense. Furthermore, one of three studies indicates that imprisonment actually has an adverse effect on preventing recidivism. The following questions are discussed in this study: Can the finding that alternative sanctions are more effective than imprisonment on preventing recidivism be generalized across all alternative sanctions? In addition, is it possible to draw conclusions as to which alternative sanctions are more effective than others? Finally, can these findings guide the evaluation of the Turkish criminal justice system? The results of these findings are discussed in terms of theory, practice, and research.

Autorka predstavlja različite vrste programa i restorativnih mehanizama koji se primenjuju u radu sa počiniteljima seksualnih dela, naglašavajući da u javnosti još uvek nije dovoljno razvijena svest o prirodi i značaju alternativnih metoda lečenja i rehabilitacije i da iznalaženje pravednih zakonodavnih rešenja za počinitelje seksualnih dela nije nimalo jednostavan niti lak zadatak.

KLJUČNE REČI: seksualno zlostavljanje / nasilje / krivično delo / restorativna pravda / forenzički pacijenti

THE OVERIEW OF ALTERNATIVE SANCTIONS AND PROGRAMS
IN WORK WITH THE SEXUAL ASSAULT PERPETRATION
The author analyzes different types of therapy and restorative approach for perpetrators of sexual offenses, emphasizing that public awareness of the nature and importance of alternative methods of treatment and rehabilitation is still not sufficiently developed, and that the finding of equitable legislative solutions for perpetrators of sexual offenses is not at all simple or easy task.

The current survey is attempting to map the services that Probation Services deliver nationwide, as well as to explore issues regarding the internal operation and the working methodologies employed by different local probation services. The Greek Probation Service for Adults is a public service operating through 14 local bureaus employing 41 probation officers in total. Each probation service is supervised by the local prosecutor while the Ministry of Justice is centrally responsible for the administration of the system.
Now in its 8th year of operation the Probation Service is striving to construct its identity in a criminal justice system which has a strong legal tradition and is consciously remaining distant from welfare or rehabilitative mandates. Low implementation rates of community measures and the persistent marginal role of the probation service have been the main characteristics of this first period in the running of the service.
In the beginning of 2015 and shortly after the completion of the survey data collection, the Probation Service for Adults has been forced into merging with the Probation Service for Juveniles, with limited attention to the different role, organization and duties of each service. This development was an outcome of the severe economic crisis that the country has been going through in the last years and was externally imposed in the course of the public sector restructuring programme. The paper concludes with examining different hypotheses regarding the future of the probation service under the light of its strengths and weaknesses outlined in the survey findings.

Non-custodial measures are recognized in international instruments as useful tool for promotion of social reintegration and solution for reduction of prison overcrowding. Author provided overview of policy instruments that Serbia adopted over last ten years in order to modernize criminal sanctions and its enforcement. In addition, Serbia took obligation to take measures and promote implementation of alternative sanctions and increase capacities of probation services. The aim of the article is to examine possibilities for strengthening role of Commissioner Service in Serbia based on comparative experience and practice. Effectiveness of engagement of volunteers in Probation Services is widely recognized in some EU countries, however introduction of such solution should be carefully assessed and prepared in Serbia to ensure quality of services, oversight and control. The article is based on desk analysis of comparative legislations on probation services, competences and obligation of probation officers. One of the key functions of probation services is advisory role in pre-trial or pre-sentence phase of criminal procedure. Although, Serbian probation officers (commissioners) do not have competence to provide pre-trial advices, the article presents advantages and relevance of involvement of probation officers from the beginning of criminal procedure.

Tatsächlich hat sich in der Praxis die Diversion von der Ausnahme zum Regelfall entwickelt: die Diversionsrate im JGG lag 1985 erstmals bei 50%, 1990 schon bei über 60%; auch im allgemeinen Strafrecht ist die „informelle “Verfahrenserledigung nach den Diversionsnormen der StPO spätestens seit dem Jahr 2000 statistisch nicht mehr die Ausnahme, sondern der Regelfall (Schaubild 1). Betrachtet man die Entwicklung der absoluten Zahlen (in Schaubild 2 für das frühere Bundesgebiet fortgeschrieben), so wird ...

Ability-to-pay determinations are essential when governments use money-based alternative sanctions, like fines, to enforce laws. One longstanding difficulty in the U.S. has been the extreme lack of guidance on how courts are to determine a litigant’s ability to pay. The result has been a seat-of-the-pants approach that is inefficient and inaccurate, and, as a consequence, very socially costly. Fortunately, online platform technology presents a promising avenue for reform. In particular, platform technology offers the potential to increase litigant access, reduce costs, and ensure consistent and fair treatment—all of which should lead to more accurate sanctions. We use interviews, surveys, and case-level data to evaluate and discuss the experiences of six courts that recently adopted an online ability-to-pay assessment tool that streamlines and standardizes ability-to-pay determinations. Our findings suggest that the online tool improves accuracy and therefore the effectiveness of fines as punishments, and so it may make the use of fines as sanctions more socially attractive.