Archaeology of Class

Bois de Boulogne was a key urban design effort of Second Empire France. This essay surveys the landscape of the park with particular attention to water; social practices that engendered the use of water, and social practices which water enabled. The hydrology of the site — the grand lake, streams and waterfalls — is a statement and demonstration of imperial mastery and sensibility. Nearly half of the project budget was devoted to hydraulics and, in the opening years, more than 15% of the municipal water supply was diverted to the park; all of which supported a status-laden array of features attractive to elites of the Second Empire and Third Republic.

Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, changing, and sometimes conflicting, ideas of masculinity played out in how working class men formed common identities among themselves, and how they interacted with others, on both the shop floor and in their neighborhoods and homes. These gendered identities form a basis for both solidarity and exclusion. In this paper I consider the relationship between gender and class identities in the  late nineteenth-century  U.S., focusing on skilled male railroad workers in West Oakland, in the San Francisco Bay area of California. During this period the craft unions to which these workers belonged articulated a vision of “respectable masculinity” for their members that was intended to replace prevailing notions of masculinity centered on homosociality and hard drinking. This paper examines the impact of these conflicting visions.

L'analyse du texte de l'Onirocriticon d'Artémidore de la deuxième moitié du IIe siècle ap. J.-C., de sa partie théorique ainsi que du catalogue des rêves, montre assez le grand intérêt que les chercheurs peuvent y trouver. C'est un texte qui ouvre de nouvelles voies aux historiens et particulièrement aux historiens de mentalité, aux spécialistes de l'iconographie, de la symbolique, ou de l'anatomie et à tous ceux qui s'intéressent à la flore ou à la faune, à la cuisine ou à la médecine. Il est indispensable de l'étudier dans son intégralité et non d'une façon fragmentaire, puisqu'il nous donne l'image de la société dans toute sa complexité. Nous avons réuni 3421 rêves racontés par des hommes, femmes ou enfants de toutes couches sociales, que nous analysons en utilisant le logiciel Excel. Ce sont des Grecs en majorité, mais aussi des Romains, citoyens d'Ephèse ou d'autres cités de l'Orient grec. Nous parlons de toutes les occupations et de tous les métiers de cette société ancienne de l’Orient romain. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à la société, à sa structure et son image. Il nous semble que cette source, souvent méprisée, devrait attirer davantage l'attention des chercheurs.
Onirocriticon metninin, hem teorik kısmınin hem de rüyalarin kataloğunun analizi, araştırmacılarin büyük ilgisini çekmektedir. Burada bahsedilen metin, tarihçilere, sosyal bilimcilere, ikonografi uzmanlarina ve de hayvanlar, bitkiler, mutfak ve tipla ilgilenen herkese, semboller ve anatomi ile ilgili yeni yollar açmaktadir.
Bu metni, bütün olarak incelemek mümkün değildir, çünklü bize toplumu bir bütün olarak tanitmaktadir. Bilgisayar yardimiyla, eserde incelediğimiz 3.421 rüyayi biraraya getirdik.
Burada, Artemidor ile ilgili olan çalişmalarimizin bir kismini sunuyoruz. En çok ilgilendiğimiz şey, toplum, toplumum yapisi ve görünümüydü. Araştırmacıların, çok kez eleştirilen bu kaynakla daha çok ilgilenmeleri gerektiği kanaatindeyiz.
Αρτεμίδωρος ο Εφέσιος  (ή Αρτεμίδωρος ο Δαλδιανός): ή Ονειροκριτικός

The Wiawaka Holiday House on Lake George, New York is among the oldest continuously operating women’s holiday retreats in the United States. The Holiday House was founded on the grounds of a failing resort hotel at the turn of the twentieth century by wealthy women largely from industrial families to provide factory “girls” opportunities for healthful vacations in the countryside. Before the Holiday House was established, the property was the site of two resort hotels; their histories, spanning much of the nineteenth century, reflect the rise and transformations in the Adirondack resort hotel business. Presented in the early stages of doctoral research, this paper describes the current state of history and historical archaeology at the property and explores avenues of research related to the meanings and uses of leisure time in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as questions of gender, class, power, and labor.

Within the railroad industry, the most powerful labor unions were exclusive craft organizations that concentrated on defending the privileges of a few skilled workers. Data from archaeological work conducted by Sonoma State University during the Cypress Freeway Replacement Project is used in an historical materialist exploration of class-consciousness among railroad workers in a late-19th-century working-class neighborhood in West Oakland, California. Comparing aspects of diet and dining, this study focuses on divisions among the railroad workers along the lines of craft-skill and nativity, examining the ways skilled craft unionists used the assumptions of Victorian ideology to organize against both their employers and other groups of workers, especially immigrants.

A central metaphor within politically conscious archaeologies is that we are recovering silenced histories or giving voice to those without power. Yet sometimes, when we look deeper we find that the histories we seek to recover are not that silent or waiting for archaeologists to recover them but are jealously guarded by strong constituencies.
Ludlow is such a site. The Ludlow massacre is, like many similar episodes of class struggle in the United States, a silence within “official” histories, but nonetheless it is an event that has great importance in the construction of working-class identity and struggles right up to the present. This chapter discusses the histories of Ludlow as memory, an understanding of the past that to a certain extent creates, and is created in, the practices of everyday life. Ludlow is a living memory; and, as such, the debates over the control of this memory are fractious and on-going. Incorporating alternative understandings of the past is an important facet of a politically conscious archaeology. But this work is not straightforward. In recasting these alternative histories as memory and contrasting them with the academic practices of archaeology, this article chapter highlights some of the complexities and also the necessity of this work.

This study surveys the built landscape of New York's Central Park as what Tim Ingold calls a "pattern of activities collapsed into an array of features," finding that the carriage drives are a defining feature of the park's original design. The attention to detail and economic investment in the drives embody the cultural sensibilities that governed the park's creation. They provide a theatre for genteel leisure, acculturation, and ostentatious display; direct visitors to important features of the park; and demonstrate the technical virtuosity of civic planners. The drives represented one of the largest physical efforts in the park's construction and were its most widely used feature for several decades after the park opened.

2010      *M. Franklin and R. Paynter. Inequality and Archaeology, In Voices in American Archaeology: The 75th Anniversary Volume of the Society for American Archaeology, edited by Wendy Ashmore, Dorothy Lippert, and Barbara Mills, pp. 94-130. Society for American Archaeology Press, Washington D.C.

With further archaeological investigations and period restoration of the building since the 2013 exhibition, another open day (with an evening opening for members of a local heritage group) was held for Christmas 2014.

This event allowed members of the public to view a private house built in the late 1920s - early 1930s, in which the owner is reinstating period features and décor. On display were the ground floor rooms that are nearing completion; archaeological and historical research informed the interior design and furnishings, and the large collection of household objects on display. The house was dressed for Christmas in early – mid 20th century style, using antique and vintage decorations.

The events were held as part of the 'Living in the Past Community Archaeology Project' (LIPCAP: www.livinginthepast.org.uk). They provided opportunities for visitors to share memories relating to: housing; domestic and family life; material culture; Christmas; and wider local history in the early, mid and late 20th centuries, and to discuss public perceptions and significance of heritage.