Abstract
Art therapy, as well as other arts-based therapies and interventions, is used to reduce pain,
stress, depression, breathlessness and other symptoms in a wide variety of serious and
chronic diseases, such as cancer, Alzheimer and schizophrenia. Arts-based approaches
are also known to contribute to one’s well-being and quality of life. However, much research
is required, since the mechanisms by which these non-pharmacological treatments exert
their therapeutic and psychosocial effects are not adequately understood. A typical clinical
setting utilizing the arts consists of the creation work itself, such as the artwork, as well as
the therapist and the patient, all of which constitute a rich and dynamic environment of occurrences.
The underlying complex, simultaneous and interwoven processes of this setting
are often considered intractable to human observers, and as a consequence are usually interpreted
subjectively and described verbally, which affect their subsequent analyses and
understanding. We introduce a computational research method for elucidating and analyzing
emergent expressive and social behaviors, aiming to understand how arts-based approaches
operate. Our methodology, which centers on the visual language of Statecharts
and tools for its execution, enables rigorous qualitative and quantitative tracking, analysis
and documentation of the underlying creation and interaction processes. Also, it enables
one to carry out exploratory, hypotheses-generating and knowledge discovery investigations,
which are empirical-based. Furthermore, we illustrate our method’s use in a proof-ofprinciple
study, applying it to a real-world artwork investigation with human participants. We
explore individual and collective emergent behaviors impacted by diverse drawing tasks,
yielding significant gender and age hypotheses, which may account for variation factors in
response to art use. We also discuss how to gear our research method to systematic and
mechanistic investigations, as we wish to provide a broad empirical evidence for the uptake
of arts-based approaches, also aiming to ameliorate their use in clinical settings.
PLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0126467 June 10, 2015 1 / 32
OPEN ACCESS
Citation: Sandak B, Huss E, Sarid O, Harel D (2015)
Computational Paradigm to Elucidate the Effects of
Arts-Based Approaches and Interventions: Individual
and Collective Emerging Behaviors in Artwork
Construction. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0126467.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126467
Academic Editor: Andrew R. Dalby, University of
Westminster, UNITED KINGDOM
Received: January 5, 2015
Accepted: April 3, 2015
Published: June 10, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Sandak et al. This is an open
access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any
medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
Data Availability Statement: Due to ethical
restrictions imposed by the IRB, the authors cannot
deposit the data publicly. However, data will be made
available upon personal request to the corresponding
author Billie Sandak (
billie.sandak@alumni.
weizmann.ac.il) with the approval of the Weizmann
Institute Bioethics Committee.
Funding: The authors thank the Braginsky Center for
the Interface between Science and the Humanities, at
the Weizmann Institute of Science (
http://www.
weizmann.ac.il/pages/research-institutes-institute