Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS)

In remote and rural areas where diesel generators are usually employed for electricity production, Photovoltaic (PV) panels combined with Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) can lead affordable and reliable power generation. In this work, a real case study in Nusa Penida Island, Bali Province, Indonesia, is conducted for studying the optimal sizing and performance assessment of a hybrid diesel-PV-BESS system limited by a Take-or-Pay contract of Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). The island's solar irradiance is 5,36 kWh/m 2 /day and 7 x 1.7 MW diesel power plant stations are currently run for fulfilling the island's electricity demand. The stations are embedded into an existing 20 kV distribution grid. Using the electricity demand projection of several representative days in a year, HOMER software is utilized in this work for designing and optimizing the size of PV and BESS integrated to the diesel power generators. In this study, the performance of configurations with four different sizes of PV and BESS are assessed using load flow analysis, short circuit analysis and transient stability analysis. The simulation results demonstrate that the optimal sizing of the hybrid system consists of 10 MWp PV and 10 MWh BESS with Levelized Cost of Energy of 9.45 cents USD/kWh. It lowers 40% of the current cost. Considering the initial, maintenance, replacement and fuel costs, the net present cost of the optimal configuration is 135,306,800 USD. This study confirms that the renewable energy penetration in remote and rural islands can be increased by optimally utilizing energy storage.

The rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are becoming a technology of choice for energy storage applications, due to its high energy and power density. In this paper, a power management control strategy is proposed for a standalone PV-Battery Energy Storage (BES) hybrid system. The proposed control algorithm tracks the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the solar-cells while avoiding overcharging of LiBs under different solar radiation and load conditions. The controller has two regulation modes; (a) MPP Tracking mode, (b) battery state of charge limit mode. The standalone PV-BES hybrid system is represented as a system of differential algebraic equations and enables effective implementation of control algorithms. A physics-based single particle model accounting for internal states of a battery is implemented in the simulation and control algorithm. A mixed-order finite difference method with optimal node spacing and strong stability-preserving time-stepping Runge-Kutta scheme is used to solve the battery model. A case study is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy using real-world data. The study reveals that the proposed power control strategy is robust and meets multiple objectives of standalone PV-BES hybrid systems such as no overcharging, 0% excess output power production, and ensuring no energy is transferred to the dump load.

Wind and photovoltaic are now the fastest growing renewable energy sources (RES) around the world and mitigation of the inherent intermittency of such energy sources with Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) has gained attention in recent years. In this paper, a novel voltage security stochastic optimal BESS allocation (VSC-SOBA) problem is proposed in integrated transmission and distribution (T&D) systems while including realistic models of distributed energy resources. The scheduling problem is studied under stochastic framework by considering the wind power uncertainty. Besides, hourly profiles of load as well as wind and photovoltaic RESs are taken into account. Maximizing loading margin (LM) with the best allocation of different BESSs types is the main objective of the paper. Moreover, the allocation impact on voltage deviation of load buses is investigated. The mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP)-based model is implemented in GAMS software considering P, Q, and simultaneous P+Q BESS control. The performance of proposed method is examined on T&D 16-bus, 62-bus, 286-bus and large scale 1142-bus test systems and the findings show that in the case of VSC-SOBA, the desired LM is maximized in the presence of optimal BESS control variables.

Battery Energy Storage System is generally installed to improve reliability in the power grid system, to increase the integration of various energy resources to the grid and to match between power generation supply and load demand in order to enable power operating system more stable and reliable. In power system network, BESS has ability to do a quick response for regulating the grid frequency caused by some interferences. For dealing with such interferences the utilities have applied a defiance scheme mechanism to prevent the gird blackout due to a rapid change of the frequency for a while. This study investigates the role of Battery Energy Storage System as a frequency controller combining with the defense scheme at the high voltage network. Some defense Scheme indicators within Battery Energy Storage System at a substation has been assessed through a software modelling. The results show that Battery Energy Storage System at Substation is able to increase the reliability of grid by such frequency regulation.

Renewable Energy (RE) penetration is a new phenomenon in power systems. In the advent of high penetration of RE in the systems, several issues have to be addressed especially when it involves the stability and flexibility of the power systems. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has gained popularity due to its capability to store energy and to serve multiple purposes in solving various power system concerns. Additionally, several BESS can be combined to operate as Virtual Power Plant (VPP). This study will involve the design and implementation of BESS for five potential customer sites for the demonstration project and to be possibly integrated into one VPP system. The study is expected to demonstrate bill savings to the customers with BESS due to peak demand reduction and energy arbitrage savings.Renewable Energy (RE) penetration is a new phenomenon in power systems. In the advent of high penetration of RE in the systems, several issues have to be addressed especially when it invo...

Renewable Energy (RE) penetration is a new phenomenon in power systems. In the advent of high penetration of RE in the systems, several issues have to be addressed especially when it involves the stability and flexibility of the power systems. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) has gained popularity due to its capability to store energy and to serve multiple purposes in solving various power system concerns. Additionally, several BESS can be combined to operate as Virtual Power Plant (VPP). This study will involve the design and implementation of BESS for five potential customer sites for the demonstration project and to be possibly integrated into one VPP system. The study is expected to demonstrate bill savings to the customers with BESS due to peak demand reduction and energy arbitrage savings.

The battery energy storage systems are very essential for maintaining constant power supply when using solar photovoltaic systems for power generation. The viability and ability of battery energy storage systems are assessed based on battery usage in Solar Photovoltaic utility grid-connected systems. The power supply quality and reliability are improved by utilizing battery energy storage technologies in conjunction with solar photovoltaic systems. This paper presents a comparative analysis of Lead-Acid Storage battery and Lithium-ion battery banks connected to a utility grid. The battery mathematical model simulation study gives their performance characteristics of these batteries under grid-connected loads. Cost-benefit analysis of battery usage for determining the best battery suitable for solar photovoltaic system applications is also presented in this paper.

Battery energy storage system (BESS) is used in many practical applications including unin-terruptible power supplies (UPS), portable devices, electrical vehicles and renewable energy systems. To utilize BESS effectively, an efficient control operation is required. Various controllers have been introduced in the open literature. However, they are not considered the best fit due to their limitations. This includes their incapability of handling highpower rating BESS, low noise immunity, short life cycle and limited number of input and output interfaces. In this paper, the programmable logic controller (PLC) is used to control and monitor a 158.8 kWh offline BESS for a typical Malaysian household. TIA portal V13 software by Siemens is used to program the proposed PLC control. Human machine interface (HMI) system is used to monitor and simulate the control performance. The results show that the PLC approach provides an efficient and reliable control of the BESS in which a compact protection against the battery overcharging, underdischarging and overheating is achieved.

This paper presents mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulations to obtain optimal sizing for a battery energy storage system (BESS) and solar generation system in an extreme fast charging station (XFCS) to reduce the annualized total cost. The proposed model characterizes a typical year with eight representative scenarios and obtains the optimal energy management for the station and BESS operation to exploit the energy arbitrage for each scenario. Contrasting extant literature, this paper proposes a constant power constant voltage (CPCV) based improved probabilistic approach to model the XFCS charging demand for weekdays and weekends. This paper also accounts for the monthly and annual demand charges based on realistic utility tariffs. Furthermore, BESS life degradation is considered in the model to ensure no replacement is needed during the considered planning horizon. Different from the literature, this paper offers pragmatic MILP formulations to tally BESS charge/discharge cycles using the cumulative charge/discharge energy concept. McCormick relaxations and the Big-M method are utilized to relax the bi-linear terms in the BESS operational constraints. Finally, a robust optimization-based MILP model is proposed and leveraged to account for uncertainties in electricity price, solar generation, and XFCS demand. Case studies were performed to signify the efficacy of the proposed formulations.

A dc-dc converter is proposed to achieve a high voltage conversion ratio for bidirectional power flow applications. The nonisolated topology is optimally designed to integrate both the switched capacitor and coupled inductor techniques for high efficiency. The windings of the coupled inductor are stacked at the low voltage source, which transfers any leakage energy of the coupled inductor directly into the output port and simplifies the clamping circuit. The optimal design keeps the voltage stress on the main switches low for the entire duty cycle operation. Thus, the converter demonstrates the advantage of wide-voltage gain based on common ground and low and steady voltage stress in both buck and boost modes of its operation. Furthermore, the converter can realize zero-voltage switching through the synchronous rectifiers without requiring extra hardware circuitry to enhance conversion efficiency. The operation principle, including the steady-state analysis, dynamic modeling, controller design, efficiency analysis, and optimization, are discussed in detail and verified by the experimental test. The prototype substantiates the theoretical analysis and soft-switching operation. The converter exhibits the capability for load and line regulation and demonstrates a peak efficiency of 96.38% in the boost mode and 95.61% in the buck mode of operation.

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the technical and economic benefits that a typical residential prosumer may experience when investing in a solar photovoltaic (PV) system with a battery energy storage system (BESS). To this end, a home energy management system has been designed to simulate the prosumer’s daily operation, considering a novel method for calculating battery degradation while minimizing its operating costs. In order to contribute to the regulatory review process of the distributed generation underway in Brazil, a set of PV+BESS configurations has been assessed under the current and future regulatory scenarios proposed for discussion by the Brazilian regulatory agency. Although the results demonstrate that the prosumer’s self-consumption rate may increase up to 14% with the BESS coupling in the PV system, the investment proved to be economically unattractive in the current regulatory scenario and practically unfeasible in any of the proposed future scenarios....

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the technical and economic benefits that a typical residential prosumer may experience when investing in a solar photovoltaic (PV) system with a battery energy storage system (BESS). To this end, a home energy management system has been designed to simulate the prosumer’s daily operation, considering a novel method for calculating battery degradation while minimizing its operating costs. In order to contribute to the regulatory review process of the distributed generation underway in Brazil, a set of PV+BESS configurations has been assessed under the current and future regulatory scenarios proposed for discussion by the Brazilian regulatory agency. Although the results demonstrate that the prosumer’s self-consumption rate may increase up to 14% with the BESS coupling in the PV system, the investment proved to be economically unattractive in the current regulatory scenario and practically unfeasible in any of the proposed future scenarios....