Biodiesel fuel

Experimental study has been carried out to investigate performance parameters, emissions, cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature (Texhaust) and engine wall temperatures (Twall) for direct injection diesel engine. Tests were conducted for sunflower oil (S100) and 20% jojoba oil+80% pure diesel fuel (B20) in comparison to pure diesel fuel with different engine speeds. S100 and B20 were selected for the study

The article explores the possibilities of using fatty acid methyl esters derived from the oil of a new species of oily plant Camelina sativa not demanding on soil. The performed research on the physical and chemical properties of pure methyl esters from Camelina sativa show that biofuels do not meet requirements for the biodiesel fuel standard (LST EN 14214:2009) of a high iodine value and high content of linoleic acid methyl ester, so they must be mixed with methyl esters produced from pork lard the content of which in the mixture must be not less than 32%. This article presents the results of tests on combustion emission obtained when three‐cylinder diesel engine VALMET 320 DMG was fuelled with a mixture containing 30% of this new kind of fuel with fossil diesel fuel comparing with emissions obtained when the engine was fuelled with a fuel mixture containing 30% of conventional biodiesel fuel (rapeseed oil methyl esters) with fossil diesel fuel. The obtained results show that usin...

Biodiesel represents a closed carbon dioxide cycle (approximately 78%) because it is derived from renewable biomass sources. "Bio" means its biological and renewable source, and "diesel" represents its use as a fuel on diesel engines. Biodiesel is defined as "mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats". The present study was carried out in order to identify an effective treatment of used cooking oil to get the ideal specification condition to obtain high yield of biodiesel and get the best conversion ratio of used cooking oil to biodiesel. The linear regression analysis concluded that methanol to oil ratio and catalyst concentration have a high positive statistical significant effect. Temperature has a positive statistical significant effect. The process time had a non statistical significant negative effect on the biodiesel yield and the mixing rate had a highly negative statistical significant effect. The best methyl ester conversion obtained was 99.2 wt.% based on the following conditions : methanol to oil molar ratio of 7.54:1, catalyst concentration of 0.875% , 1.17 hr. of reaction time, temperature of 52 °C, mixing rate 266 rpm.

Experimental study has been carried out to investigate performance parameters, emissions, cylinder pressure, exhaust gas temperature (Texhaust) and engine wall temperatures (Twall) for direct injection diesel engine. Tests were conducted for sunflower oil (S100) and 20% jojoba oil+80% pure diesel fuel (B20) in comparison to pure diesel fuel with different engine speeds. S100 and B20 were selected for the study

Dual-fuel diesel engine Greenhouse gas emission Emissions and renewable energy Sustainable fuel a b s t r a c t The need for energy sources is one of the major problems for all countries in the world. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels. The use of 5% biodiesel in diesel fuel blend is usual, and most countries have planned to use 20%. Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. Therefore, due to the increase in this substance, glycerol management is substantial. In this study, biodiesel was produced by the transesterification process from waste cooking oil (WCO); then, the triethylene glycol mono-methyl-ether (TGME) as a novel additive obtained from glycerol by the etherification method. The Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine mode (DFM) is one of the most suitable ways of achieving efficient and clean combustion. Dual-fuel combustion has been performed through the use of natural-gas (NG) as the main fuel and diesel/biodiesel blend The DFDEm engine was run under three different high NG ratios (60, 70, and 80%), at full-load and 1500 rpm. Biodiesel was used at two levels of 5 and 20 vol%. TGME was added at four levels (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 vol.%) to fuel blends. Results showed that glycerol conversion and recycling into TGME additive is important, because, the presence of oxygen in the chemical structure of the TGME additive can make it a suitable oxygenated additive. The TGME as an oxygenated additive improved the most parameters of the engine. Oxygenated fuels contributed to the combustion process and improved it. The best conditions achieved by adding 0.2 vol% TGME additive into diesel fuel at the DFM engine in NG70 mode, under these conditions in comparison to conventional diesel combustion brake power, and brake thermal efficiency increased by 10.54 and 12.77%, but the generated power cost amount decreased by 20.16%. Also CO, CO 2 , and NOx emissions decreased by 76.77, 40.9, 1.31%, respectively.

Se realizó una caracterización termoanalítica mediante análisis calorimétrico
(DSC) y termogravimétrico (TGA) de semillas de Ricinus cummunis variedades mamona negra, ecuatoriana y silvestre. Las curvas de DSC muestran cuatro temperaturas de transición. Las propiedades reológicas del aceite de higuerillafueron determinadas. El biodiesel fue obtenido en reacción con alcohol etílico.Las semillas de aceite de higuerilla de las variedades analizadas tienen entre 42-51% de aceite. Los resultados son discutidos.

The article explores the possibilities of using fatty acid methyl esters derived from the oil of a new species of oily plant Camelina sativa not demanding on soil. The performed research on the physical and chemical properties of pure methyl esters from Camelina sativa show that biofuels do not meet requirements for the biodiesel fuel standard (LST EN 14214:2009) of a high iodine value and high content of linoleic acid methyl ester, so they must be mixed with methyl esters produced from pork lard the content of which in the mixture must be not less than 32%. This article presents the results of tests on combustion emission obtained when three‐cylinder diesel engine VALMET 320 DMG was fuelled with a mixture containing 30% of this new kind of fuel with fossil diesel fuel comparing with emissions obtained when the engine was fuelled with a fuel mixture containing 30% of conventional biodiesel fuel (rapeseed oil methyl esters) with fossil diesel fuel. The obtained results show that usin...

There are indications that blending biofuels into fossil fuels make the exhaust more toxic, in comparison with exhaust from pure fuels. The basis for this is not known, but research points to the creation of new types of emission components, facilitating easier entry of carcinogens (e.g. PAHs) into lung cells. It is urgent to provide new knowledge of this unintended consequence of the much adhered to policy of bio-blending for implementation of renewable energy in the transport sector.

This reason for the urgency is that this policy is likely to violate the precautionary principle. The phasing-in of biofuels as energy for transport purposes is to a large extent conducted through blending biofuels into the existing fossil fuel sold at filling stations. Alcohol is blended into gasoline (e.g. E85, i.e., fuel consisting of 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline), while biodiesel is blended into regular diesel (e.g. B7, consisting of 7% biodiesel and 93% fossil diesel). This strategy for increasing the use of biofuels is common in large parts of the EU, in the United States and in Canada.

The European Standard (EN590) for automotive diesel fuel states that the concentration of biodiesel in diesel fuel should be 7% v/v. This concentration is expected to rise up to 10% in the near future, based on the current European policy targets, including the “20-20-20” strategy “EUROPE 2020—A Strategy for Smart, Sustainable and Inclusive Growth” by the European Commission [1, 2].

The effect of the bio-blending strategy on exhaust toxicity has been studied by a variety of research groups [3-7]. The topic was also studied in the European Economic Area (EEA) / Norway Grants project "Influence of bio-components content in fuel on emissions from diesel engines and engine oil deterioration—BIODEG" [8].

Through the BIODEG project it was shown that there are some very specific, problematic, toxicological issues that can result from the biodiesel blending strategy [9, 10]. The formation of new types of exhaust emissions were substantiated by the use of molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) studies in the KTH supercomputer facility in Stockholm. Through these studies it was shown that new types of nanoparticles can be formed through the aggregation of uncombusted or partially combusted fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). These nanoparticles are capable of incorporating PAHs.

Moisture in the air can carry the PAH-FAME nanoparticles. They can then be carried into the lungs where they can penetrate the cell walls, enter the interior of the cells, and interact with DNA. This can potentially initiate carcinogenic activity. Thus, the blending of biodiesel info fossil diesel has provided PAHs a “vehicle” for easier transport into cells. This problem of increased bioavailability of PAHs occurs for blended fuels only, not for neat biodiesel or neat diesel. Neat biodiesel does not have high PAH content and neat diesel does not have FAME molecules.

References:
1. European Commission (2010) EUROPE 2020 A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION. Brussels: European Commission.

2. Kousoulidou, M.; Ntziachristos, L.; Fontaras, G.; Martini, G.; Dilara, P.; Samaras, Z. (2012) Impact of biodiesel application at various blending ratios on passenger cars of different fueling
technologies. Fuel 98, 88–97.

3. Grägg, K. (1994) Effects of environmentally classified diesel fuels, RME, and blends of diesel fuels and RME on the exhaust emissions. Report MTC 9209. AB Svensk Bilprovning Motortestcenter. Haninge, Sweden: AB Svensk Bilprovning Motortestcenter, 1–44.

4. Khanna, M.; Ando, A.; Taheripour, F. (2008) Welfare Effects and Unintended Consequences of Ethanol Subsidies. Rev. Agric. Econ. 30, 411–421.

5. Krahl, J.; Munack, A.; Ruschel, Y.; Schröder, O.; Bünger, J. (2008) Exhaust Gas Emissions and Mutagenic Effects of Diesel Fuel, Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends. Proceedings of the SAE Powertrains, Fuels, and Lubricants Meeting, 6-9 October 2008; Chicago, IL, USA: SAE
International. Available at: http://papers.sae.org/2008-01-2508/.

6. Munack, A.; Krahl, J.; Bünger, J.; Ruschel, Y.; Scröder, O. (2008) Exhaust gas emissions and mutagenic effects of modern diesel fuels, GTL, biodiesel, and biodiesel blends. International Conference of Agricultural Engineering XXXVII Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Agrícola Brazil, August 31 to September 4, 2008.

7. Turkcan, A.; Canakci, M. (2011) Combustion Characteristics of an Indirect Injection (IDI) Diesel Engine Fueled with Ethanol/Diesel and Methanol/Diesel Blends at Different Injection Timings. paper presented at the Sustainable Transport, World Renewable Energy Congress 2011. Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University Electronic Press, 3565–3672. Available at:
http://www.ep.liu.se/ecp/057/vol13/009/ecp57vol13_009.pdf.

8. Oleksiak, S.; Stepien, Z.; Urzedowska, W.; Czerwinski, J.; Andersen, O. (2010) Influence of bio-components content in fuel on emission of diesel engines and engine oil detorioration. Euro Oil & Fuel 2010. Biocomponents in Diesel fuels - impact on emission and ageing on engine oil. Paper presented at the Euro Oil & Fuel 2010. Crakow: Oil and Gas Institute Krakow, 7–14.

9. Manzetti S, Andersen O and Czerwinski J (2011) Biodiesel, Fossil Diesel and their Blends:
Chemical and Toxicological Properties. Biodiesel: Blends, Properties and Applications. Nova Publishers, 41–68.

10. Andersen, O.; Manzetti, S.; van der Spool, D. (2012) Bio-blending of diesel might impact exhaust toxicity. The ‘7th International Conference on the Environmental Effects of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials’, September 10-12. Poster. The Banff Centre, Banff, Alberta,Canada. Available at: http://www.oens.ualberta.ca/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/7th-ICEENN-Abstracts-2012.pdf