Bone Cancer

BACKGROUND:
Alendronate sodium (ALD) is used orally but it is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. For this reason, microemulsion system was chosen to evaluate ALD from the GI tract after oral delivery.

OBJECTIVE:
This study was aimed to prepare water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsion formulation of ALD and evaluate the permeability of ALD microemulsion from Caco-2 cell lines with radioactive and nonradioactive studies.

METHOD:
The ALD microemulsion was developed by using pseudo-ternary phase diagram and composed of Soybean oil, Colliphor EL, Tween 80, Transcutol and distilled water. The prepared ALD microemulsion was characterized by physical appearance, droplet size, viscosity, pH, electrical conductivity and refractive index. The stability of the formulation was investigated for 6 months at 25±2°C/60±5% of relative humidity (RH) as well as at 40±2°C/75±5% RH. After that 1 mg of ALD was radiolabeled with 99mTc and added to microemulsion. The permeability studies were performed with both 99mTc-ALD microemulsion and ALD microemulsion.

RESULTS:
The experimental results suggested that ALD microemulsion presented adequate stability with droplet size varying from 37.8±0.9 to 39.9±1.2 nm during incubation time. In addition, ALD microemulsion was radiolabeled with high labeling efficiency (>95%). In a non-radioactive study, ALD permeability was found to be 45 µg.mL-1 and microemulsion has high permeability percentage when compared to another study.

CONCLUSION:
The novel w/o microemulsion formulation has been developed for oral delivery of ALD. Based on the results, permeability of ALD could be significantly improved by the microemulsion formulation. In addition, 99mTc-ALD microemulsion in capsule can be used for bone disease treatment and diagnosis.

. Cancer is a disease caused by the uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in any part of body. And these multiplications of cells continue and they never die like regular cells. This uncontrolled division of cells leads to formation of tumors. Tumors can be cancerous or benign

Cancer treatment centre in India:
MIMS, NABH accredited hospital in India provides one of the best intensive care facilities in the country

Tratto da: The Merck Manual of Diagnosis & Therapy, 19th Edition (2011) Traduzione e adattamento di Giorgio Beltrammi I tumori ossei possono essere primari o metastatici [1] e benigni o maligni [2]. Nel bambino la maggior parte dei tumori ossei sono primari e benigni; alcuni sono tumori primari maligni (osteosarcoma, sarcoma di Ewing). Molto pochi sono quelli metastatici (neuroblastoma, tumore di Wilms).Le ossa possono essere coinvolte anche nelle leucemie e linfomi infantili. Tumori ossei primari maligni Mieloma multiplo: Il mieloma multiplo è il più comune tumore maligno primario dell'osso, anche se colpisce il midollo osseo. È di derivazione ematopoietica ed avviene principalmente a carico di individui adulti. Il processo neoplastico è solitamente multicentrico e coinvolge il midollo così diffusamente, che l'aspirazione di questo, permette la diagnosi istologica. L'indagine radiologica mostra aree lesioni litiche o una diffusa demineralizzazione. Una singola lesione mielomatosa, senza coinvolgimento midollare diffuso, è detta plasmocitoma. Osteosarcoma: Osteosarcoma (sarcoma osteogenetico) è il secondo più comune tumore maligno dell'osso. È più comune tra individui che vanno dai 10 ai 25 anni di età, sebbene che possa capitare a tutte le età. L'Osteosarcoma produce osteoidi maligni (osso immaturo). Solitamente si sviluppa intorno al ginocchio (femore distale più frequente di quello prossimale di tibia) o in altre ossa lunghe, specialmente in regione metafiso-diafisaria e può metastatizzare, solitamente al polmone o ad altre ossa [4]. Il dolore e il gonfiore locale sono i sintomi usuali. Il trattamento è una combinazione di chemioterapia e chirurgia. L'uso della chemioterapia adiuvante, permette un aumento della sopravvivenza, a 5 anni, dal 20 al 60%. La chemio solitamente inizia prima della chirurgia. Dopo l'atto chirurgico, la chemioterapia viene proseguita [5].

Primary bone lymphoma (PBL) is rare disease that originates from the medullary cavity. The case is reported of a 74 year-old woman with a clinical picture characterised by B-symptoms and pathological fracture of both tibias. Nuclear magnetic resonance found a hypointense heterogeneous infiltration in both proximal tibia with high uptake by a soft tissue tumour with predominance in the left leg. The biopsy showed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient was diagnosed with a multifocal primary bone lymphoma. To our knowledge, it is the first case reported in Peru

Chondrosarcomasarerelativelyradiotherapyresistant,andalsodeliveringhighradiationdosesisnot
feasible owingtoanatomicconstraints.Inthisstudy,thefeasibilityofhelicaltomotherapyfor
treatmentofchondrosarcomaofthoracicspineisexploredandcomparedwithotheravailablephoton
and protonradiotherapytechniquesintheclinicalsetting.Apatientwastreatedforhigh-grade
chondrosarcomaofthethoracicspineusingtomotherapy.Retrospectively,thetomotherapyplanwas
comparedwithintensity-modulatedradiationtherapy,dynamicarcphotontherapy,andproton
therapy.Twoprimarycomparisonsweremade:(1)comparisonofnormaltissuesparingwith
comparabletargetvolumecoverage(plan-1),and(2)comparisonoftargetvolumecoveragewitha
constrainedmaximumdosetothecordcenter(plan-2).Withconstrainedtargetvolumecoverage,
proton planswerefoundtoyieldlowermeandosesforallorgansatrisk(spinalcord,esophagus,
heart, andbothlungs).Tomotherapyplanningresultedinthelowestmeandosetoallorgansatrisk
amongstphoton-basedmethods.Forcorddoseconstrainedplans,thestatic-fieldintensity-modulated
radiationtherapyanddynamicarcplansresultedtargetunderdosingin20%and12%ofplanningtarget
volume2volumes,respectively,whereasbothprotonandtomotherapyplansprovidedclinically
acceptabletargetvolumecoveragewithnoportionofplanningtargetvolume2receivinglessthan
90% oftheprescribeddose.Tomotherapyplansarecomparabletoprotonplansandproduce
superiorresultscomparedwithotherphotonmodalities.Thisfeasibilitystudysuggeststhattomo-
therapyisanattractivealternativetoprotonradiotherapyfordeliveringhighdosestolesionsinthe
thoracic spine.

We provide here a brief review of emerging therapeutic options for metastatic osteosarcomas in the second- and later-line treatment context, favoring clinical outcome data from high-level (preferably randomized or meta-analytic) studies. In the challenging second and later-line setting, we identified and discussed outcome data for four promising agents: pirarubicin, SLIT cisplatin, ridaforolimus, and pazopanib, one of which - SLIT cisplatin - appears to have some specialized benefit in pulmonary-metastatic osteosarcoma. Collectively, this brief clinical review of emerging agents in the two classes of chemotherapy and biological therapies suggests that there are many promising interventions available in current clinical practice, and these can be supplemented from the growing number of innovative clinical trials in progress, or pending.

The Slamming Door is a true story.

Find out how an Aspie who has learned social skills by rote, one who has earned respectable academic credentials but does not function well in many work environments, navigates a labyrinth of death, dying and loss, and how she copes with anxiety induced by travel and changes in her environment, and how she slowly, painstakingly comes to recognize the signs of hostility around her while making no apology for who she is.

In September of 2008, Clarisse N. Renard was asked to move in with a man who had just been diagnosed with bone cancer…by his daughter, Berta, who knew that she was a writer and available. Berta had to work in an office, so she couldn’t be her father’s caregiver.

The man was her husband’s older cousin, Bryn, a Harvard-educated, retired New York City social worker, and Clarisse and her husband Damon had stayed with him many times. He was also one of her best friends after eight years of visits, a confidante, and like another dad to her.

The request, which was also an invitation of sorts, felt like a chance to pay her cousin-in-law back for all of the emotional and other support he had given to Clarisse and Damon.

She didn’t know Berta very well, but had been excited to find that her marriage came with a female cousin her own age. Clarisse looked forward to getting to know her better.

When he realized that he couldn’t stay home alone while terminally ill, Bryn wanted Clarisse with him and told her so the evening that she arrived. However, he warned her that Berta and her older half-sister were very jealous of the fact that she was there with him.

Berta resented Clarisse in many ways, and gradually revealed her true self: a bully.

Read on to find out how an articulate and meticulous Aspie dealt with all of these problems and situations, and how she viewed it all.

People with Asperger’s are not broken; their brain patterns merely differ from those of the majority of the population. Aspies have produced great novels, scientific discoveries, and the foundations of the best legal system on the planet, namely The Declaration of Independence.

Asserting oneself, knowing that no good deed will be judged with appreciation by a bully, is an act of courage and defiance, but also a necessary one.

There is nothing wrong with those who are different.

The problem is those who won’t accept or respect them.