Ceramic Materials

Ceramic material is certainly a key element in the cultural heritage, particularly in historical buildings. This material involves specific problems when addressing preservation, as well as conservation and restoration interventions.
This course is coordinated by International Association YOUTH IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-YOCOCU Spain, co-organized by Geosciences Institute IGEO (CSIC, UCM), Spanish Society of Ceramics and Glass (SECV) and the Ceramic and Glass Institute (ICV-CSIC) and sponsored by ECerS, the JECS Trust and SECV.
The main goal of the course is to offer a training program of short duration focused on the ceramic material used in architectural heritage, including structural and decorative elements. Raw materials and technologies used for manufacturing, alteration and decay processes, characterization techniques for study and analysis, as well as new trends in conservation treatments will be addressed.

"Los ceramistas tradicionales del Perú, a la tecnología prehispánica, incorporaron durante la Colonia técnicas.

En la costa norte Simbilá y Chulucanas se ponen en práctica el paleteado, el uso de labradoras y el negativo. Cajamarca era una importante región de producción, queda en la memoria la elaboración de la pallama con reminiscencias de las vasijas vidriadas del S. XVIII.

En Ayacucho sobresale el distrito de Quinua donde se continúan elaborando las iglesias de techo. En esta región fue reconocido con un estilo propio el ceramista Leoncio Tineo Ochoa.

En Puno, en Santiago de Pupuja y Pucará hay la producción de chuas o chuwas que son platos vidriados, los famosos “Toritos de Pucará”, las apajatas o jarras matrimoniales y las limitatas, incalimitas o botellas ornamentales.

En Cusco, que desde la Colonia generó talleres artesanales de cerámica vidriada y en la primera mitad del S. XIX se impulsó en el ámbito campesino la elaboración de objetos bruñidos sin vidriar y de color rojizo. En la Amazonía está la cerámica de los Shipibo-Conibo, que se caracteriza por su decoración llamado kené y por una pasta muy fina.
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This study is to collect information regarding major metallogenic aspects of Kaolin deposits with certain commercial possibilities in the northeastern part of Bolivar state. This article describes the geological, physicochemical and genesis of kaolin deposits that developed in an economically significant in geological provinces of the Guayana Shield. A portion of these Kaolin deposits have been exploited in the region of Upata and Km 88 in the 1990s for the production of refractory and ceramic products, however, there are many deposits of Kaolin with geo-economic potential that currently do not known geological reserves and commercial quality. It describes the main physicochemical characteristics of kaolin and its most striking applications.

The radiation has great importance in human life; it enters into various fields of agricultural, industrial, medical and food sterilization , for example, in the medical field, X-ray is used to diagnose many cases of a disease. The exposure to radiation has great risks to human life and must be protected against it. There are several ways to protect the human body from radiation; one of these ways is shielding; in the present work, eight types of ceramic materials have been used as a shielding material and tested against gamma ray, each type of ceramic modified as glazed and unglazed. The radiation sources 137 Cs and 60 Co were used to calculate attenuation coefficients and half-value layers by gamma-ray spectrometer system with scintillation detector NaI(Tl). The obtained results show that the photon attenuation coefficient for all samples decreases with increasing energy, while half-value layers increase with increasing energy. The results of the study showed that glazed ceramics are better than unglazed in the attenuation of gamma radiation which makes their use of shielding better.

"Este manual es el primer texto basado en el uso de las nuevas lupas digitales portátiles para análisis de cerámicas arqueológicas en trabajos de campo y laboratorio. Con más de 90 ilustraciones en color, se presenta como un Atlas de geología, con descripción de los minerales y fragmentos líticos comunes en pastas cerámicas. Es una ayuda metodológica para los arqueólogos, para la clasificación de los fragmentos de cerámica, los estudios estilísticos y la selección de las piezas más representativas para estudios químicos y petrográficos posteriores. Este manual permite identificar muchas de las inclusiones que se ven con una lupa, así como varios elementos de tecnología y manufactura cerámica. Se propone un protocolo de análisis y nociones de granulometría y geología que permiten la constitución de grupos de composición y textura similares para alcanzar un mayor nivel interpretativo de los datos cerámicos en arqueología.

Ya existe en PDF via
https://deepeducationpress.org/pastas-ceraacutemicas.html

This book offers an introduction to the materials that form ancient ceramics, their nature, and function. It details clay, mineral and rock formations, basic geology principles, types of analyses to study raw materials, and the processes involved in making pottery. It is by studying the ceramic pastes, raw materials, and ways they have been modified for the production of ceramics that their use by potters through the ages can be explained. This book is conceived as an introduction to the origin of the materials which form ancient ceramics, their selection and use by potters. It is abundantly illustrated, in color.

310p, 140 fig. and tables, eBook (PDF) at https://deepeducationpress.org/ceramic-materials.html
Paperback via online retailers.

La totalidad de materiales del registro arqueológico, conforma una de las fuentes de datos que permiten acceder a la diversidad de expresiones del comportamiento de grupos humanos que vivieron en épocas pasadas.
El proyecto “Materiales cerámicos de las ocupaciones del período histórico del Uruguay”, financiado por la Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica de la Universidad de la República (CSICUdelaR), se propuso sistematizar los conocimientos obtenidos en las investigaciones arqueológicas del período histórico, realizadas de manera sistemática en Uruguay, concentrándonos en el análisis de los materiales cerámicos.

Toreduce in environmental load from pollution after primary using of various products (waste product), which is supporting to secondary utilization in preparation of thermal insulation materials using coal fly ash (40-60%), siliceous glass material(30-55%) ,some phytochemical medicinal additives and (2-8%) cellulose. We know that thermal energy is effective for nature. By the scientific ideas and methods 'energy' has been presenting a greatest continuous chainthat frequently more economical to transforms the various form of ceramic materials. The capability of ceramic material such as "tiles", cooking utensil, crucible etc chosen the better quality for treatment of heat insulation materials based on waste coal combustion of fly ash with waste glass and regular active form of adding medicinal organic adsorbates.In heretheorganic medicinal additives acts as reducing over materials from harmful diseases of microbial. It is favor for developing to high response to health care purposing. Over the materials, thermal activitydepends on some factors such as chemical composition of substances. From this typical point, the Fly Ash and Waste Glass reduce the flow of heat. To testing after preparation of materials as water absorption in boiling and cold water acts with (4-5) days .By the thermal treatment, the material individually acts as (700-1000)˚C. The mechanical durability with other physical and chemical properties for this material is supporting with environmental parameters.

RESUMEN Este artículo presenta una comprobación experimental sobre la influencia del curado en la resistencia a compresión del hormigón. El estudio consiste en ensayar a compresión probetas provenientes de una misma mezcla de hormigón, pero sometidas a condiciones de humedad de curado distintas (100% y 50% de humedad). Las comprobaciones también fueron realizadas para diferentes dosificaciones. Por ejemplo, las mayores diferencias, en la resistencia a compresión del hormigón sometido a diferentes condiciones de curado, fueron obtenidas para las menores relaciones agua/cemento. COMPOSICIÓN DEL HORMIGÓN El hormigón se pude considerar como una mezcla en proporciones adecuadas de: áridos, cemento, aditivos y agua. El contacto del agua con el cemento provoca una reacción de hidratación la cual genera el endurecimiento de la mezcla. PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS DEL HORMIGÓN La principal característica estructural del hormigón es resistir muy bien los esfuerzos de compresión. Sin embargo, tanto su resistencia a tracción como al esfuerzo cortante son relativamente bajas, por lo cual se debe utilizar en situaciones donde las solicitaciones por tracción o cortante sean muy bajas. Para determinar la resistencia se preparan ensayos mecánicos (ensayos de rotura) sobre probetas de hormigón.

The European quest for the hard paste porcelain lasted until about 1710, when the first production unit was built at Meissen in Saxony. Although, it is generally believed that Bottger discovered the European porcelain technology, this work shows that the German porcelain quest was a State affair; a collective project directed by Tschirnhaus and supported by August the Strong. It also aims to shed light to the reasons that led to Tschirnhaus's relative oblivion. Considering three distinct temporal stages, we re-examine the roles of the main contributors to the porcelain project, referring to the role of the Mercantilism system and to the philosophical roots of Tschirnhaus's method.

Öz Hidroksiapatit (HA) ideal biyoaktif malzemedir. Ayrıca, HA iyi biyouyumluluk ve mükemmel osteoiletkenlik göstermektedir. Kimyasal bileşimi ve yapısı, doğal kemik mineralli matrise çok benzemektedir. Nano hidroksiapatitin tane boyutunun kemikteki apatit minerallerine çok benzemesi nedeniyle nano hidroksiapatit üzerindeki araştırmalar büyük önem kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ticari nano hidroksiapatitin mekanik özelliklerini arttırmak için nano magnezyum oksit (nMgO) takviye malzemesi olarak kullanılmıştır. Ağ.% 80 nHA-ağ.% 20 nMgO (nMH1) ve ağ.% 70 nHA-ağ.% 30 nMgO (nMH2) toksik olmayan bağlayıcı içeren kompozitler pres kullanılarak şekillendirildi. Kompozitler 1000 ve 1100°C'de 2 saat süre ile sinterlendi, sonra nano kompozitlerin mikroyapıları ve mekanik özellikleri araştırıldı. Fiziksel ve mekanik özellikler yoğunluk, pişme küçülmesi, basma mukavemeti ve Vickers mikrosertlik (HV) ölçümleri ile tanımlandı. Yapısal karakterizasyon X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile ortaya kondu. Nano kompozitlerin mekanik özellikleri artan sıcaklık ve MgO ilavesi ile arttı. Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) is an ideal bioactive material. Moreover, HA shows good biocompatibility and excellent osteoconductivity. Its chemical composition and structure are very similar to the mineralized matrix of natural bone. Due to the resemblance of grain sizes of nano hydroxyapatite to that of apatite minerals in bone, the researches of nano hydroxyapatite have become to gain great importance. In this study, in order to improve the mechanical properties of commercial nano hydroxyapatite (nHA), nano magnesium oxide (nMgO) was used as a reinforcement material. 80 wt% nHA-20 wt% MgO (nMH1) and 70 wt% nHA-30 wt% MgO (nMH2) nano composites including nontoxic binder were shaped by using press. The composites were sintered at 1000 and 1100°C for 2 hrs, then microstructures and mechanical properties of nano composites were investigated. The physical and mechanical properties were determined by measuring density, firing shrinkage, compression strength and Vickers microhardness (HV). Structural characterization was carried out with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties of nano composites were increased with increasing temperature and increasing MgO addition.

One of the important assumptions of compositional analysis is that the elemental composition of an artifact reflects the source of the materials used to make it. Thus, pottery from a particular source will be chemically similar to the raw materials from that source. This "common sense" assumption seems beyond dispute, but the fact that pottery is a mixture of clay, water, and often temper added by the potter, complicates the interpretation of compositional data from ceramics. This paper examines the relationship between potters' behavior in obtaining and using raw materials, on the one hand, and the chemical composition of their finished pottery, on the other, by comparing the elemental composition of ethnographic pottery and raw materials from contemporary pottery making communities in the Valley of Guatemala. The results of this research show that the relationship between pottery and its constituent raw materials is not as obvious as was first supposed. The article concludes with an alternative approach to the results of compositional analysis that is more in line with the realities of real world pottery production.

As the field of nanoscience is rapidly evolving, interest in novel, upgraded nanomaterials with combinatory features is also inevitably increasing. Hybrid composites, offer simple, budget- conscious and environmental-friendly solutions that can cater multiple needs at the same time and be applicable in many nanotechnology-related and interdisciplinary studies. The physicochemical idiocrasies of dendritic polymers have inspired their implementation as sorbents, active ingredient carriers and templates for complex composites. Ceramics are distinguished for their mechanical superiority and absorption potential that render them ideal substrates for separation and catalysis technologies. The integration of dendritic compounds to these inorganic hosts can be achieved through chemical attachment of the organic moiety onto functionalized surfaces, impregnation and absorption inside the pores, conventional sol-gel reactions or via biomimetic mediation of dendritic matrices, inducing the formation of usually spherical hybrid nanoparticles. Alternatively, dendritic polymers can propagate from ceramic scaffolds. All these variants are covered in detail. Optimization techniques as well as established and prospected applications are also presented.

Resumen
El presente artículo tiene como fin mostrar cómo el biovidrio ha sido parte fundamental en el desarrollo de las ciencias biomédicas a partir de la versatilidad en su aplicabilidad y sus usos. Esta revisión bibliográfica pretende mostrar cómo a través de la investigación interdisciplinar se han diseñado diferentes procesos para la obtención de materiales a partir de vidrios bioactivos; inicialmente se discutirá la importancia del desarrollo de los dispositivos biomédicos implantables, orientado al uso del vidrio bioactivo como material precursor y su impacto en la sociedad actual. Posteriormente se discutirá la pertinencia e importancia de la modificación superficial para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo y funcionalidad de los dispositivos biomédicos así como la obtención de recubrimientos de biovidrio por diferentes métodos de obtención; finalmente los autores plantean como posible manera de obtención de los recubrimientos el método de evaporación en vacío como posible respuesta a las dificultades encontradas por los otros métodos de deposición.

Abstract
This article aims to show how the bioglass has been important in the development of biomedical sciences from its applicability and versatility in its multiple uses. This review aims to show how through interdisciplinary research it has designed different processes for obtaining materials from bioactive glasses. First, we will discuss the importance of development of biomedical devices focused in bioglass as precursor material and its impact on society today. Subsequently, relevance and importance of the surface modification as mechanism to improve working conditions and functionality of biomedical devices the obtention of bioglass coatings by different methods will be discussed. Finally, the authors propose vacuum evaporation method as a possible technique for to obtaining bioglass coatings,  as  an  alternative  for  the  difficulties encountered by other deposition methods.

A nanolaminate is a material with a laminated (layered) structure in which the thicknesses of the individual layers are in the nanometer range. Inherently nanolaminated materials have a crystal structure containing alternating distinctly different layers within the unit cell. 1 As a consequence, inherently nanolaminated materials often exhibit particular mechanical, 2 magnetic, 3 or thermoelectric properties. 4, 5 Given their highly anisotropic structure, explaining the physical properties requires an in-depth understanding of the anisotropy ...

As the field of nanoscience is rapidly evolving, interest in novel, upgraded nanomaterials with combinatory features is also inevitably increasing. Hybrid composites, offer simple, budget-conscious and environmental-friendly solutions that can cater multiple needs at the same time and be applicable in many nanotechnology-related and interdisciplinary studies. The physicochemical idiocrasies of dendritic polymers have inspired their implementation as sorbents, active ingredient carriers and templates for complex composites. Ceramics are distinguished for their mechanical superiority and absorption potential that render them ideal substrates for separation and catalysis technologies. The integration of dendritic compounds to these inorganic hosts can be achieved through chemical attachment of the organic moiety onto functionalized surfaces, impregnation and absorption inside the pores, conventional sol-gel reactions or via biomimetic mediation of dendritic matrices, inducing the forma...

Kastamonu is a city built on the valley of Karacomak River in Turkey. There is a mud which is used inside of the kiln for repairing kiln bricks. In this study, Kastamonu mud (KM) and clay were used in the ceramic recipe as raw materials to produce dry pressed ceramic bodies. Firstly, chemical compositions of used raw materials were determined by using XRF analysis. Ceramic mixture containing Kastamonu mud and clay was prepared. It was mixed for 3 hours. Prepared mixture was dried and granulised by using sieve. Afterthen Kastamonu mud containing 20 wt% and 30 wt% clay were shaped by dry pressing method using metal mold with 45 MPa pressing pressure. The samples were then sintered at 1050, 1100 and 1150 sintering temperatures. Green and sintered density, firing shrinkage and water absorption of samples were determined. Sintered density of the samples were measured by Archimed method. It was concluded that this material with the addition of clay can be used as a new ceramic raw material due to its suitable technological properties at 1150C sintering temperature. Some coloured glaze recipes were applied on to the Kastamonu mud (KM) containing 20 wt% clay body sintered at 1150°C. Especially, this dry pressed body is suitable for industrial forms with its artistic glazes. Sintering and technological properties such as density, water absorption, firing shrinkage of each body were measured. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to analyse the microstructure and to see ceramic body-glaze interactions. The best firing shrinkage, water absorption and density values were obtained with KM 20 samples sintered at 1150°C as 12.9%, 5.2% and 2,57 g/cm 3 , respectively.

This item consists of two more responses to my 'Ceramic Ecology of Ayacucho' article (above) in a subsequent issue of Current Anthropology. My response was seminal in writing  my book 'Ceramic Theory and Cultural Process' because of the lack of understanding of the ecological factors that influenced ceramic production that was demonstrated in the critiques to my original article. (One critic called my original article 'dangerous'  because I challenged the role of culture as being an exclusive explanation of location and frequency of ceramic production.)

El proyecto “Materiales ceramicos de las ocupaciones del periodo historico del Uruguay”, se propuso sistematizar los conocimientos obtenidos en las investigaciones arqueologicas del periodo historico, realizadas de manera sistematica en Uruguay, concentrandonos en el analisis de los materiales ceramicos. La produccion y diversificacion de formas y disenos de los artefactos ceramicos utilizados en territorio uruguayo hasta finales del siglo XIX, procede mayoritariamente de Europa. A traves del abordaje directo de los materiales recuperados en los diferentes sitios y el analisis bibliografico de las publicaciones correspondientes, se creo una base de datos que contiene la distribucion territorial y los contextos socioculturales relacionados; se sistematizo la descripcion de rasgos y atributos de los diferentes tipos ceramicos reconocidos, catalogando y creando una fuente comparativa que podra servir para analisis en futuras investigaciones arqueologicas. Se presentan aqui los criterios de sistematizacion de la informacion, los principales logros alcanzados y las dificultades encontradas durante la ejecucion de este proyecto.

A study was carried out on the behavior during the sintering of Al2O3 ceramics with pre-sintering of the additives Nb2O5 and LiF at different temperatures. It was observed through XRD and DSC the formation of the LiNb3O8, Nb3O7F and LiNbO3 phases during the pre-sintering of the additive powders and the formation of the LiAl5O8, AlNbO4 phases during the sintering of the samples The samples showed densities around 91% of the theoretical density, and pre-sintered samples showed low growth in grain size.

The sintering behaviour of Y-TZP ceramics, their resulting microstructures and properties are influenced not only by the characteristics of the raw materials but also were found to be dependent on the thermal history during the fabrication process. It is generally understood that fracture toughness increases as grain size increases up to a certain limit but in the present investigation, the results obtained challenge this view. The work is concerned with grain size dependence on the mechanical properties, in particular on the fracture toughness. Two commercially available powders based on two different processing techniques (i.e. coated and co-precipitated) were studied. It has been found that both materials exhibited different fracture toughness trends. Smaller grains of coated Y-TZP resulted in high fracture toughness > 12 MPa m1/2 while the opposite effect was seen in the co-precipitated material which showed enhanced fracture toughness with increasing grain size above a certain lower limit from a nonconventional heat treatment.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01152158

Two Zn-doped sol− gel glasses with the same ZnO content (5 wt%; 4% mol) but different overall composition have been synthesized and characterized, in comparison with a bioactive Zn-free reference glass. The role of ZnO in modifying the bioactivity of sol− gel ...

Pembuatan material cutting tools dari alumina
aditif titania telah dilakukan. Aditif TiO2 dan TiC
pada alumina berfungsi meningkatkan kekuatan
mekanik. Komposisi material cutting tools
keramik dibentuk dengan cara press dan dibakar pada 2
variasi suhu pembakaran yaitu 1600C dan 1700C.
Pembakaran dilakukan dengan metode substitusi karbon yang
bersumber dari sagar silikon karbida yang bertujuan
mengubah TiO2 menjadi TiC. Berdasarkan hasil karakterisasi
yang dilakukan, bahan dengan komposisi 97% Al2O3, 3%
TiO2 yang dibakar pada suhu 1700C mempunyai sifat yang
lebih baik untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan cutting tools dengan
kekerasan (vickers hardness) 25,21GPa.
Kata Kunci: Alumina, TiO2, TiC, Cutting tools, Substitusi karbon