Darfur crisis

Sudan is one of the countries in Africa known with series of crises that lasted for long time since 1960s. The current crisis in the Darfur region of Sudan started in 2003 when two armed groups attacked government installations and the government retaliated violently. Over the years, the crisis took different dimensions and several strategies, introduced by the actors in the crisis. One of the strategies implored in the crisis was propaganda which is another instrument of war. The crisis has resulted to heavy loss of lives and properties. The humanitarian situation in Darfur continues to deteriorate on daily basis. A lot of interrogations concerning the crisis have been raised such as the causes and consequences, but no significant discussions have been made on propaganda in the Darfur crisis. As a weapon of war, knowing how propaganda was used in the Darfur crisis will help in finding a roadmap to abate the war. This work therefore examines propaganda in the Darfur region of Sudan crisis. It is a qualitative research which relied on secondary source of data and anchored on communication theory for it analytical framework. The paper revealed that the various actors in the war implored the use of propaganda as an instrument of war. It is the opinion of the paper that the use of massive propaganda in the war by the various actors has kept the war unabated without ending in sight. The paper therefore recommends among others that the actors in the Darfur crisis should stop the engagement in massive propaganda. International community including the various international organizations should help to control the use of propaganda in the crisis.

The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is made up of three major sub-basins: Kufra, Dakhla, and the N. Sudan Platform. It is one of the world’s largest groundwater systems. The aquifer’s hydrologic setting, connectivity of its sub-basins, and groundwater flow across these sub-basins are currently unclear. To address these issues, we used a combined approach that included: (1) a regionally calibrated groundwater flow model that mimics early (>10,000 years) steady-state conditions under wet climatic periods and later (<10,000 years BP–1960; 1960–2010) transient conditions under arid climatic periods; and (2) groundwater ages (36Cl, 81Kr) and isotopic (18O, 2H) data. The NSAS was recharged on a regional scale in previous wet climatic periods; however, in dry periods, its outcrops are still receiving local modest recharge. A progressive increase in 36Cl groundwater ages was found along groundwater flow directions and along structures that are sub-parallel to the flow direction...

This study was performed to calculate the chromium component ratio in the Ingassana Hills in the Blue Nile region. Thirty samples were taken from the area. The samples were grinded into powder and each sample was 25 grams. The XRF was used to analyze the samples and identify the concentration of the elements in the sample.And by the concentration of each element in the sample. The analysis showed that the average chromium element concentration in the samples was 671550 PPM. The price of chromium is shown in the world markets, where it is seen that these concentrations are very important and can contribute to the economy if used correctly.

Given the variety of actions concentrating on peacekeeping with significant successful operations, the United Nations (UN) continues to encounter concerns and challenges that have hampered its peacekeeping operations’ efficiency, effectiveness, and performance. This article aimed to investigate the primary challenges that adversely influence peacekeeping operations and challenge them based on the security theory proposed by Barry Buzan. According to the study’s findings, UN peacekeeping missions have been successful in addressing conflict situations and promoting peace in many regions of the world. Nevertheless, faults and challenges, notably in terms of the operations’ political, economic, and societal factors, have restricted the peacekeeping operations’ ability to achieve their objectives successfully. Therefore, a better policy that includes all involved actors, especially local government and the population, should be established in order to rebuild a conflict-torn country.

o Evidence from previous studies shows that there is a serious environmental and social disaster in the three oil producing areas, even though such evidence does not generate enough consensus for the decision makers. o Environmental impacts assessments (EIA) conducted before the oil operations reveal that (1) the air in these locations was of good quality and (2) the water was safe for both human and animal consumption, except for the pockets with high concentration of salt in groundwater in the Um Ruwaba geological region. o Still, many parameters of environmental quality usually recognized by World Health Organization (WHO) have not been tested in both the EIAs and related environmental studies. o In summary, existing evidence links high concentrations of salt and heavy metals to oil exploration, development and production, which are the cause of the widely reported birth defects, miscarriages, infertility, and cancers in the affected areas.

Vast areas of Alwahat region (more than 1500 Acres) are produced water disposal sites, as a result of oil separations, these areas are distributed in many locations with high risk of groundwater pollution, due to downward percolations of disposed pollutants. The risk of contamination is stimulated by many factors such as, the high permeability of the aquifers laying underneath, low topography in contrast with the surroundings, high groundwater extraction, shallow water table, high salt content, toxic substance in the disposed water, south to north (natural/induced) groundwater flow direction, towards Alwahat region, limited produced water treatment, limited water injection (pressure maintenance) projects, old separation facilities, limited separation capacity, absence of natural or artificial lining in the disposal bits and absence of effective legislations. This paper describes the vulnerability of groundwater, especially of groundwater supplies, to existing or potential sources of contamination due to continuous disposal of produced water on land, which has relatively high capacity to assimilate the pollution load and has a high risk of deteriorating the quality of groundwater, especially in shallow open wells surrounding the oil fields.

Sudan is a vast country of approximately 2.5 million km2 making it the largest
country in Africa and the eleventh among the other world countries. This wide
area has made the Sudan a country of varied ecologies and natural resources.
Sudan includes nine territories that subdivided into 26 states. It is predominately
rural and sparsely populated with a population of about 40.2 millions (July 2005;
PRP, 2005). The climate in Sudan ranges from deserts in the north to tropical
rainforests in the south. Agriculture is the mainstay of Sudan’s economy,
contributing approximately 43% to the GDP and employing more than 80% of the
working population. Most farms remain rain-fed and susceptible to drought. The
most important mineral resources in Sudan are gold, silver, iron, base metals,
salt, gypsum, marble and the recent discoveries of oil and natural gas, which
have changed the energy sector and the economy of Sudan.