Emission Reductions

In this paper an analysis of energy use and energy conservation in the Malaysian rubber producing industries is presented. It has been found that rubber industries consume a substantial amount of energy. Excessive use of energy is usually associated with many industrial plants worldwide, and rubber plants are no exception. This study is based on the realization that enormous potential exists for cost-effective improvements in the existing energy-using equipment. Through the method of a walkthrough energy audit, power rating, operation time of energy-consuming equipment/machineries and power factor were collected. The data were then analyzed to investigate the breakdown of end-use equipment/machineries energy use. The results of the energy audit in the Malaysian rubber and rubber producing industries showed that the electric motor accounts for a major fraction of total energy consumption followed by pumps, heaters, cooling systems and lighting. Since the electric motor takes up a substantial amount of the total energy used in rubber industries, energy-savings strategies such as the use of high efficient motors, and variable speed drive (VSD) have been used to reduce energy consumption of motors used in rubber industries. Energy-savings strategies for compressed-air systems, boilers, and chillers have also been applied to estimate energy and cost savings. It has been found that significant amount of energy and; utility bills can be saved along with the reduction of emission by applying the foretold strategies for energy using machineries in the rubber industries.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261909005558

Aimed Contribution: Via simple and applicable car window filming alternative, it is aimed to reduce vehicle-sourced emissions and fuel consumption; thus, contribute to the economy eventually.  Focused Problem: The exposure of solar radiation especially in summer, rise the car cabin soak temperature so high that the usage of mobile air conditioning (MAC) turns into a must. To cool the cabin down to comfort temperature, MAC uses excess amount of fuel that increases the vehicle emissions. Both of these also bring another economic problem as well. These problems are not just region based but also global based issues as being responsible for the formation of Green House Gases (GHGs), and for the consumption of limited and usually imported energy sources.  Proposed Solution: The application of car window films blocks the considerable amount of radiation. Thus, reduce the parked cabin temperature. Once the rise in soak temperature is reduced, MAC will then consume less energy. This energy saving -valid for electric cars, as well- for diesel, gasoline and hybrid cars also means fuel saving and further means prevented emissions, in other words, economic contribution even after the filming costs are subtracted.  Research Perspective: Passenger car cabin condition is investigated for 1 hour of parking at noon in summer at direct sun exposed. This research also aimed to examine three different types of filming together with tinted and clear (not filmed) car window glasses for clear and 20% shaded windshield, separately. To form the big picture, after calculating every individual possibility only during summer, each application’s total effect on greater territory of Geographic Europe (GE) containing every European country and only European Union (EU) is also researched. This research may bring the reconsideration of visible light transmission laws and tinting limitations regarding the results and invisible film applications.  Solution Benefits: Once the pollutant is emitted, none of the treatment procedure vanishes the pollutant but separates from the medium. Hence, reduction at the source occupies the highest hierarchy in pollution management. More tragically, the vehicle-sourced emissions cannot be treated even with exhaust filters, which increase the fuel consumption and faith to be emitted to the atmosphere. Each solution that helps to reduce the vehicle emissions while saving fuel and increasing economy plays one of the major and significant roles. Window-filming application is preferable for being easily applicable, cheaper when compared to treatment, and a quick solution. Other potential benefits are for both reducing the cabin soak temperature and blocking the sun rays, reducing the child deaths caused by being left unattended in heated car cabins, vehicle air pollution related health problems such as cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, skin cancer due to solar radiation while driving, driver fatigue, shrinking MAC size due to decreased peak load and for the cabin interior materials, increasing their life-span, preventing their aging and decreasing their damage.  Results: Among film types, classic-dark Film C gives the best performance especially when applied on tinted rear and side windows with 20% shaded windshield. Regarding GE and EU, the best possibility has potential to increase sum of diesel and gasoline fuel economy by 3.6 and 2.8 billion liters reduce the passenger car sourced total GHG emissions by 34 and 27 billion kg and contribute the economy with 5-year net savings of 270 and 226 billion $, respectively.  Conclusion: Three different types of film effects separately analyzed on clear and tinted windows with clear and 20% shaded windshield around GE, 50 countries, and EU, 28 member countries. It has seen that film application prevents massive amount of vehicle emissions due to saved MAC fuel consumption and eventually increase the economy both by fuel savings, emission sourced costs savings and prolonging lifetime of the cabin interiors.