English Litrature

The purpose of this work is to shed the light on Edgar Allan Poe's Poetic Principle and its literary basis. The article is written in order to present the way of thinking of the poet. It is only to make the reader think from different points of view. This article contributes to the research on Poe's literary theory on literary criticism, especially on poetry. Based on his lectures, It presents Poe's important aspects on poetry.

The present study aims at discussing the questioning attitude of Samuel Beckett towards Christianity, in his play Waiting for Godot. The work belongs to the Theatre of the Absurd movement of the 1950s which propagates the existentialist philosophy of Albert Camus and Jean Sartre. It is suggested through textual analysis that the play questions the basic claims, tenets, andideology of Christianity. It raises questions about the position of man in the cosmos, the Christian concept of damnation and salvation, and the authenticity of the Christian history.

Waiting for Godot" by Samuel Beckett may be considered one of the most famous plays intwentieth century, at the same time it may also be among the most controversial plays. Moreover, being attributed to the absurd theatre, adds ambiguity to its content. In this type of drama, there is not a real plot, so it is very difficult to the viewer to understand what is exactly meant by the writer of the text. The main question that has been discussed by many critics is;who is Godot? "Any interpretation that strives to know who Godot is (or is not), whether he is realistic character, whether he will ever come, whether he has ever come, or even whether he may have come without being recognized (or possibly in disguise) is, if not absolutely wrong, at least not absolutely right" Htchings. Critics are of different views about the character of Godot in this play. Samuel Beckett himself didn’t give answer to this question when he was asked.
He said that if he knew he would reveal but he claimed that he himself didn’t know. Classica
l works always have the possibility for being understood in different way. This might has been a good reason for Beckett not to reveal the real personality of Godot to make readers and critics think seriously about his characters.

Keywords: Christianity, God, Man, Absurd, Hindu psychology

Medieval attitudes of courtly love are usually pejorative in tenor.  Descriptors like "entrapment," "ensnarement," and "enslavement" generally characterize the relationship between love and the courtly lover.  We see these depictions in 14th-century writer Arnaldus of Villanova and 14th-century physician Bernard of Gordon.  If we read Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus alongside Arnaldus' and Bernard's commentaries on bodies and contempt, it becomes clear that the contempt they speak of refers less to a body in contempt than a mind in contempt.  By reading Troilus as a medieval knight "kaught" by love, we discover a figure whose struggle is the maintenance of those axes of power, gender, and language by which he finds his identity both fashioned and undone.  Taking up Elaine Tuttle Hansen's nuanced reading of medieval gender crossing, I argue that if courtly love does open the possibility for gender transgression--hence is politically potent--it is because courtly love "unman[s]" men whose gendered identity is already political.

Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide successfully captures the agony of the dispossessed and marginalized people. The novel gives vivid picture of the suffering of dalit refugees in the islands of Sundarban is an archipelago which offers home for a number of endangered and threatened species. Due to partition of India and later the independence of Bangladesh large number of people were displaced. They had to leave their own territory and turned into refugees. Unlike upper caste refugees, who were able to get support to settle down, the low caste Dalit refugees had to struggle hard. Large number of refugees from East Bengal, tried to establish habitats in ecologically sensitive Sundarbans fighting against the devouring tides and dangerous predators. The refugee settlers struggled hard to make a niche in Sundarbans which is otherwise a hostile environment. Later the refugee settlers of Morichjhapi Island had to undergo severe assault under the name of ecoconservation. But this painful event of history is not recorded appropriately as this is the history of marginalized people. Ghosh takes this part of history as source for The Hungry Tide thus giving shelter to this marginalized history in his fiction. This paper also focuses on how the fear of revival of the forgotten namashudra movement, became one of the hidden factors that led to the forcible eviction of dalit refugees.

Published in the collection Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism in 1991, Rushdie’s essay asseverates the central argument - that labeling a diverse and complex corpus of literature from the different corners of the world under the “new and badly made umbrella” of ‘Commonwealth literature’ does a great disservice to the individuality and intricacies of these works by a falsely simplistic and make-believe title. It leads academics, institutions, and critics to dismiss it as non-serious and peripheral literature that has no association with the great English tradition. Building on this, Rushdie offers brutal and searing criticism of the social and political impacts of this “ghettoization” of literature and questions the very foundation of the inception of such a “racist” classification of literature.

Covering the time span from 2021 to 16000 N.C., Dale Pendell’s speculative novel The Great Bay chronicles the profound climatic, geological and ecological transformations that California undergoes during these fourteen millennia. Human life becomes unimaginably small on such a time scale, and Pendell responds to that representational challenge by compiling a wide variety of texts that zero in on individual humans at different points in the future rather than offering a continuous story or central character. In a way, that place is taken by the geographical region that is the focus of the narrative and gives the book its title. Timothy Morton has argued that because we live in the Anthropocene we can no longer understand history as exclusively human. Pendell’s “Chronicle of the Collapse” suggests that the same is true for storytelling,
offering readers the story of a nonhuman protagonist that changes slowly over time. The result is a highly fragmented narrative that is interesting for what it tries to achieve but at the same time remarkably unengaging. In its distant and distanced rendering of future ecological change and human anguish, The
Great Bay is a grave reminder not only of the incalculable risks of the Anthropocene, but also of the basic tenets of realist storytelling.

Editor's Introduction:
In Mohamed Eno’s poems, the world of myth and folk tales interact with the "real" world, so that each seems to breach the boundaries of the other: the effect is disturbing, and thought-provoking. Drawing on representations and stories of evil in southern Somalia, Eno creates a world which seems to come without the insulation that myths and tales provide, without the reassurance that there is a storyteller in control. Both poems offer narratives that do not resolve themselves, or that end only in a reduplication of the crisis that sets the narrative in motion: the goose that appears in a graveyard prefigures a vicious king, who has already come: the story is already over, with us, in it. A leader’s burial is pre-empted by a half-human/half-crocodile, who stands watch over the corpse, until the corpse too turns into a hybrid human/animal, as the story continues to replicate itself. Narrative seems to fall apart in these poems, or to obliterate it. It is intolerance that seems to undo old stories, and turn them into hybrids that ward off interpretation, that leave us in the uninterpretable now.
                                          --Noam Scheindlin

‘The Picture Book of Alphabets’, is a book that pulls you into the sea of alphabets from A – Z. Enjoy learning a bunch of new vocabularies. An artistic book that opens a world to peep into the Indian art and culture, for children from Pre-primary to Primary

Over the last few decades, EFL has faced many challenges, therefore, creating fundamental innovations in the curriculum and overcoming the challenges has always been the goal of researchers and scholars (Sun & Chen, 2016). In recent years, the nature of teaching and learning English has changed so much that by placing text, audio, and video on the World Wide Web, there is a unique opportunity to use these multimedia systems

Myths, as part of human's life since ancient times, continue to be depicted in novels, movies, and TV series with the advent of technology. The dystopian theme much favored in the book market receiving international attention and appreciation is present in a large number of novels for the adult and the adolescent. Dystopia, as a sub-genre of science fiction, has strongly affected young adult (YA) literature. The Maze Runner trilogy (2009-2011), written by James Dashner, is a popular dystopian fiction with almost all-male supporting heroes. In the present paper, quest in Dashner’s trilogy is investigated in order to analyze the adventure in terms of Joseph Campbell’s views of hero’s journey, including the steps from the very first volume to the third in order to explore the archetype of journey in an adventure taking place in the future fictional world. Characters in this trilogy go through many difficulties to survive, and they pass through the rite of the passage each facing a ...

Manohar Malgonkar, who has succeeded in carving out a significant place in Indian Fiction in English through the fresh and spontaneous depiction of Indian life and its value-system along with the socio-political and historical changes in the destiny of the nation, skillfully communicates multi-colors of human bonds– ‘man-woman, familial, racial and other social ones’ in his major novel The Princes. The novel presents the uneasy life and broken bonds of the people of an Indian state– Begwad, particularly the painful and problematic stories of the royal family and their unpleasant relations and struggles for survival, leading to the dissolution of the state due to new democratic reforms for the reconstruction of India after Independence.

MLA Citation: Chauhan, Abnish Singh. "Human Bonds: A Reading of Manohar Malgonkar’s The Princes." Creation and Criticism, vol. 3, joint issue nos. 10-11, July-Oct 2018. Web Page

The present article attempts to give a glimpse into Alice Walker's Womanism. She believes that 'Womanism' is different from 'Feminism'. 'Feminism' talks about women and their hardships as a whole, whereas 'Womanism' deals with the Black Feminism or Black American Women and the inhuman treatment that they underwent, by their own family and their own society.

Namibia continues to suffer from the consequences of drought due to climate change. In the event of prolonged droughts, the National heard depletes to significantly low numbers whiles crop production is greatly affected. When the rain suddenly pour in exceedingly above normal volumes, a climate imbalance is created for the perfect conditions of breeding locusts and other pests. In Kenya, locusts threaten food security because of disrupted climate conditions (United Nations, 2020). In the case of Namibia where livestock thrive, pests can affect cattle feeds. This study critically examines the reportage of the 2019 drought situation in Namibia with reference to two Namibian newspapers; The Namibian newspaper and the New Era newspaper. Two theories of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) by Kress and Fairclaugh were applied in this study.

The Introductory Material and an Extract from this extraordinary, experimental novel by the author of 'Before the Bombardment'; including Editor's Preface, Author's Preface and Select Bibliography. This novel is a fictionalized account of the life and death of an artist, Tristam Orlander. A refreshing and highly unique experience. Horror and Mystery and Great Literature all rolled into one incredible, "one-of-a-kind" novel. A tale of the uncanny deserving of Stephen King, yet written generations ago in a style that is unassuming yet has a cumulative effect. Certianly a literary curiosity worth reading. Edited and Introduced by modern-day author Edouard d'Araille in the 'Great World Books' Series for Living Time Global.

This study addresses the journey of Håkan, a young Swedish man who does not speak English, and the obstacles he encounters during his quest to locate his brother, Linus, in Hernan Diaz's In the Distance, (2017). Håkan becomes a legend in the eyes of the indigenous people and the immigrants who meet him in the landscape of the American West. However, he is lost in the wilderness of West America, unable to move forward to find his brother or travel back to his home. Through an archetypal approach, this study probes deeply into the impact of such archetypes as hero, journey, the American Dream, and others on Håkan's life, a life which becomes boring, routine, and repetitious. The study also traces the narrative techniques used by Diaz to make the readers live the experiences of the protagonist, which are marked by perplexity, stagnancy, and repetition. The focus is on the techniques relevant to aspects like style, plot, setting, and character, and how such techniques integrate with the archetypes to assist the readers in clearly understanding the story. The study finds many archetypes used by the author to manifest Hå kan as a myth, a giant, sometimes a killer, and a villain accused of murdering indigenous people, as they claim. The use of the narrative techniques of language, spaces, repetition, and backstory are intertwined with the archetypes to show the stages of loss and stagnancy in Håkan's life during his quest for his brother in that large wilderness of West America.