Ethics Violations

Bu araştırma ile akademik personelin araştırma ve yayın etiği başta olmak üzere Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TUBA) tarafından belirlenen etik dışı davranışlar ve etik kurullara ilişkin görüş ve uygulamalar hakkında bilgi edinmek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini 1992 yılında kurulan bir devlet üniversitesinde sosyal, fen ve sağlık bilimlerinde görev yapan akademisyenler oluşturmuştur. Çalışmaya sosyal bilimlerden 136, fen bilimlerinden 91 ve sağlık bilimlerinden 48 olmak üzere toplam 275 akademisyen katılmıştır. Katılımcıların 119’u kadın, 156’sı erkek ve yaş ortalaması 37,9’dur. Katılımcıların %70,4’ü araştırma yaparken etik sorunlarla karşılaştığını, ayrıca yarıya yakını ise bilgilendirme ve eğitim eksikliği nedeniyle istemeden etik bir hata yapmış olabileceğini belirtmiştir. Akademisyenlerin etik dışı davranışların uygulanma durumu ile ilgili görüşlerine göre, katılımcıların yarıdan fazlası sırasıyla dilimleme, ikram yazarlık, aşırma, tekrar yayım, yazarlık hakkı, iyi sonuçları yayımlama, çarptırma, uygunsuz alıntı gibi konularda daha fazla etik ihlallerin yapıldığını düşünmektedir. Akademisyenlerin çoğunluğunun etik kurulların şikâyetleri inceleme görevi olduğundan haberdar olduğu, yarısının araştırma etiğine ilişkin yasa ve yönetmeliklerden ve etik kurulların işleyişinden haberdar olduğu görülmüştür. Akademisyenlerin yarıdan fazlasının tüm eğitim yaşamları boyunca her hangi bir etik eğitimi almadığı, buna karşı %93,8’inin akademisyenlere etik eğitimi verilmesi gerektiği inancında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Akademisyenler tarafından etiğe uygun bulunmayan davranışların uygulanma durumu, etik kurullar ve etik eğitim ihtiyacı konuları ile cinsiyet, yaş, uzmanlık alanı, akademik unvan gibi bağımsız değişkenler arasında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı ilişkilere rastlanmıştır.
ABSTRACT:
This research intends to identify the inappropriate ethical behaviors of academic personnel mostly on research and the ethics of publication as determined by the Turkish Academy of Sciences (Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi [TÜBA]) and to learn about the views and practices related to ethics committees. Academicians working in the Social, Applied, and Health Sciences Department of a university that was established in 1992 formed the universe of the study. A total of 275 academicians participated in the study, 136 from Social Sciences, 91 from Applied Sciences, and 48 from Health Sciences. The participants were 156 women and 119 men with an average age of 37.9. Of the participants, 70.4% reported facing ethical problems while doing research; nearly half also reported that previously they could have unintentionally made an ethical mistake due to lack of knowledge and training. According to academicians’ views related to the situation of applying inappropriate ethical behaviors, more than half of the respondents thought that more violations of ethical issues had been done such as copying, crediting authors, plagiarism, repetitive writing, author’s rights, publishing good results, and falsifying, respectively. The majority of academicians were seen to be aware of the task of ethics committees to examine complaints; half of the academicians were seen to be aware of the laws and regulations on the ethics of research and of the function of ethics committees. More than half of academicians were determined to be against not receiving any ethics training throughout one’s educational life, and 93.8% of them were determined to believe that ethics training needs to be given to academicians. The situation of academicians behaving ethically inappropriate was found to have a meaningful statistical relationship through the topics of ethics committees and the need of ethics training among independent variables such as gender, age, area of expertise, and academic title.

Criticism is the art of studying over literature and art works according to certain measurements and reasoning them. One of the most important criticism areas as music, cinema, theater, sports, history and philosophy is literary criticism. Literary criticism is, with its shortest definition, to evaluate a literary work completely according to certain measurements.
Being a gender of literature, criticism's history dates back to Platon and Aristo. Criticism in our literature which dates very back, has always been oral and hasn't go beyond some technical concerns. Criticism has arised as a literary gender after getting in touch with European thought and art environments.
It is criticism that will maintain academic studies (thesis, article) as literature and art works to be evaluated and reviewed according to certain measurements. Academic criticism has two fits. The first fit is to search for an answer to the question that what contributes this study to science. The second fit is to control the correspondence of study to ethic principles. This control work is left to arbitrary ship instutions in periodical publications widespread by advancing in last ten years. -Arbitroryship instutions which can be another paper's matter are not to be mentioned here.-
In last ten years, in Turkey, - shall go rather before 1982 foundation of Higher Education Counsil- rising number of universities has bring the consequence of rising number of academicians and correspondingly there has been an obvious increase in academic studies. Academic Wage Incentive application has also affected the increase in scientific publications. In spite of these positive developments, rise in academicals violation and plagiarism commitments in press, requires academicals criticism and control ten times more.
Today, master thesis presented in our universities passes through control of 3 members including advisor, doctorate thesis passes through control of 5 faculty member - generally that members are friends of advisor- The majority of thesis presented to National Thesis Centre closed to the benefit of researchers for 3 years.  Namely, questioning the scientific qualifications of these master theses is obstructed; after a while because these thesis lose their actuality, they don't seen worth to criticize.
It is almost impossible to see serious criticism articles concerning scientific books. Alternatively, introduction articles written by master or doctorate student who are somehow related to writers of books, figures pages of magazines. Introduction articles ,written by young man who are at the beginning of their academicals life and not internalized the principles of scientific thinking, there is not even 2 pages of properly printed articles of whom, do mean nothing but coming news about a work.
In this paper, the importance of academicals criticism and beautiful examples, with the qualification of the introduction articles written by master and doctorate students is going to be emphasized. In identification of introduction articles, the records of Millî Folklor magazine, which's all issues subordinated in electronic form is going to be used.

In this theoretical paper, we argue that the adoption of the social model to aphasia rehabilitation within group settings changes the metaphorical location of the boundaries between clinicians and clients. Despite a growing literature on group work for aphasia and social model applications for people with chronic aphasia, there has been almost no attention paid to how professional boundaries are negotiated. This paper reviews how this issue is dealt with within professional codes of ethics and what is written more broadly on professional boundaries, and then uses a number of real case examples to encourage further discussion and awareness of this important issue in aphasia rehabilitation within group settings.