Glasses and Optical Materials

Intisari Penelitian ini mengkaji indeks bias kaca berbasis tellurite TBZP yang dipengaruhi oleh variasi PbO. Kaca TBZP difabrikasi dengan teknik melt quenching dengan komposisi 55TeO 2 –2Bi 2 O 3 –[43-x]ZnO–xPbO (%mol) dengan x= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Reflektansi dan indeks bias kaca diukur dengan metode sudut brewster pada mode tranverse electric (TE) dan mode tranverse magnetic (TM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai reflektansi pada mode tranverse electric terus meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya sudut datang. Pada mode tranverse magnetic dapat ditentukan besar sudut brewster yang akan menentukan nilai indeks bias kaca. Indeks bias kaca TBZP meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi PbO dalam kaca. Kata Kunci: kaca, tellurite, reflektansi, indeks bias, metode sudut brewster. Abstract This research analyzed the refractive index of tellurite-based glass TBZP affected by variations PbO. The TBZP glass has been fabricated by melt quenching technique with composition 55TeO 2-2Bi 2 O 3-[43-x] ZnO-xPbO (mol%) with x= 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Reflectance and refractive index of glass were determided by brewster angle method on tranverse electric (TE) mode and tranverse magnetic (TM) mode. Reflectance on tranverse electric mode increase with increasing the angle of incidence. From the tranverse magnetic mode data, the brewster angle were determined and also the value of refractive index of the glass. Refractive index of TBZP glass increase with increasing concentration of PbO in the glass.

We examined the effects of bismuth(III) oxide (Bi 2 O 3) on the optical properties of glass. The glass samples were prepared with high-pressure sodium lamp glass as the initial material with different concentrations of Bi 2 O 3. Optical properties such as the refractive index, optical band gap, Urbach energy, polarisability and metallisation were investigated. The results indicated that addition of Bi 2 O 3 into the network structures of the glass samples increased the formation of non-bridging oxygen atoms. This resulted in a decrease of the optical band gap and an increase in the polarisability of the glass samples. The types of electron transitions were studied by comparison between the differential method and the Davis and Mott model. The results showed that the electrons moved directly by an allowed transition.

The set of solid solutions ZrO 2 :0.005Eu 3+ /xF À (x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.10) was prepared via solid-state route. Synthesized powders were studied by means of XRD powder analysis, scanning electron microscopy and luminescence spectroscopy. The XRD patterns for all co-substituted samples are a composition of the monoclinic and cubic phases of zirconia. The products are crystallized in a compact form with an average size of particles about 50-150 nm. All studied samples at room temperature show in their PL spectra both wide band of the host-related emission (l max % 480 nm) and sharp peaks of the 5 D 0-7 F J (J = 0-4) radiation transitions in Eu 3+ ions under excitation with l ex = 393 nm. The total intensity of the Eu 3+ luminescence increases more than 6 times with fluorine content, x, increasing up to 0.08. Possible mechanisms of the luminescence behavior are discussed.

Present glasses are synthesized by the melt-quench method. The ashes of rice husk and sugarcane leaves are taken to synthesize the present samples. The eggshell powder is used to modify the glass-network and reduced the melting temperature of rice husk ash and sugarcane leaves ash. The as-quenched samples are characterized using different experimental techniques to study their structural and optical properties. The optical band gaps are found in the insulating range, i. e. 3.34-3.72 eV. The as-prepared glasses showed good luminescent properties due to some trace transition elements oxides present in the agro-food wastes. The agro-food wastes could be used as a resource and valuable materials to synthesize value-added engineering materials like glasses. The addition of eggshell powder into the main content showed the blue shift in photoluminescence spectra with enhanced intensity. This property may be exploited to develop UV-visible light-emitting diodes and some other non-linear optical devices.

TECHNICAL FIELD - This application relates to the field of coatings that prevent fogging on solid surfaces without altering the characteristics of the covered surface. The coatings may be used on devices and equipment for sports and recreation, the medical field, military and industrial safety
applications. Such devices and equipment include windows and mirrors of automobiles, motorcycles, boats, airplanes, and trains. In industrial and instrumentation application: protective windows, domes, and lenses of gauges, dials, meters. In medical applications: intraocular lenses, endoscopic/laparoscopic lenses, protective eyewear, contact lenses for visual correction, medical implants, surfaces, and medical and surgical tools.
BACKGROUND
The problem of condensation with fogging: Hydrophobic versus hydrophilic surfaces. Protective eyewear, glasses, sunglasses, swimming goggles, diving goggles, helmet visors, windshields, intraocular lenses, medical scopes, and high-precision instrumentation are just several applications where visual distortion due to fogging with condensation poses a problem.
Control of fogging due to condensation on polymer and glass surfaces has seen development, testing and patenting of solutions for a broad spectrum of optical, vision, visor, goggle and lens materials, including optical glasses, borosilicate glass, polycarbonates, tinted thin film coatings, and other polymers for athletic visor and vision-wear. These can require optimization of the robustness and resiliency to create permanent anti-fog coatings, and optimization of adhesion on polycarbonates and surfaces with difficult geometries such as very high curvature. Therefore, anti-fog technologies and their applications have to be conceived and optimized by
adapting to a broad range of specifications for use, use duration, etc., and require working directly with a variety of end users to create such adaptability. End users for anti-fog technology include, but were not limited to: surgeons, professional athletes, recreational users, professional safety users, fire-workers, emergency personnel, biohazard handlers, medical and surgical personnel, and instrumentation dials and domes manufacturers.
Control of fogging should be tested using the specific conditions of condensation experienced by each group end users, such as body or outdoor temperatures, and water vapor pressures and various fluids present during use, such as bodily fluids, sweat, blood, skin oils and human tears or fluids produced from machinery. U.S. patent application Ser. No. No. 13/674,307 (hereinafter '307 application) describes an emulsion that physically changes the surface topography so that condensation behavior can be controlled. The result in the '307 application is a hydrophilic surface that manipulates water droplets so that the water droplets form a thin translucent film on the hydrophilic surface. The'307 application describes a  wet anti-fog technology, where the emulsion is applied when the
surface requires an antifogging coating and should not be dried on the surface. When the emulsion of the '307 application is dried, the polymers come out of the solution and precipitate so that the coated surface is no longer optically transparent and fails to maintain optical quality.
Specifically, the emulsion described in the '307 application is optimized for temporary application and for ease of application. The emulsion described in the '307 application was designed for medical applications, including but not limited to vitro-retinal surgery as well as endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures and surgeries. Thus the emulsion described in the '307
application does not permanently coat the surfaces with anti-fog technology. Accordingly, there is need for a dry permanent anti-fog technology that manipulates water so the water droplets form a thin translucent film on a surface rather than produce fogging on the surface while maintaining optical quality. First, the invention consists of permanent anti-fog coatings, including but not limited to their materials components, composition, adaptive formulation and several methods of fabrication.
The permanent anti-fog is referred to as “FogKnox™”. It includes but is not limited to very high quality optical transmission films that are distortion-free, and exhibit a very high degree of transparency. FogKnox™ includes but is not limited to dry, permanent and very highly uniform optical anti-fog coatings, which can be delivered in wet (fluid) or solid from. Both wet and solid form preserve and improve instantaneously visualization on edges of lenses, dials and surfaces and wide-angle lens. Only after drying is the anti-fog a permanent, non-removable solid film. In a separate embodiment, the anti-fog coatings can be made removable for applications where
lenses and devices on which they are applied need to be resurfaced, called KnoxFog™. The antifoam coatings can also be made semi-permanent, so it can be scrubbed, thus removable by scrubbing, detergent washing and/or sonication, for medical applications, and are then called
VitreOx™. Second, the invention includes, for all above mentioned anti-fog coatings, their method of application in large scale, medium scale or small scale manufacturing, via several possible coating processes, adaptive compositions, adjustments of physical properties and surface
preparation procedures, which are disclosed as the second part of the invention. Third, all the above coatings can also be applied on existing, already manufactured optical devices, tools, dials, goggles, vials, bottles and scopes, via the third element of the invention, specific delivery device and its cartridge of anti-fog coatings materials. The delivery device
includes a coating delivery and element to allow for quick drying element attachment to the metered delivery automated mechanism to apply the coating in a few seconds, and let it dry within minutes.

Over the years there has been numerous researches on thermal stability and other thermal parameters of glasses. Among the glasses, tellurite glasses has become more interesting but challenging lately. These properties are essential in unravelling the physical properties of the glasses. But there is not much information on thermal properties of Dysprosium doped zinc sodium tellurite glass, hence the need for this study. Therefore systematic series of quaternary zinc sodium tellurite glasses doped with dysprosium ion in the form (65-x)TeO2-25ZnO-10NaO-xDy2O3 (where x = 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2.5 mol%) have been successfully prepared via conventional melt quenching technique. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern was used to confirm the amorphous nature of the glasses, while density (ρ) of the prepared glasses were obtained via Archimedes method. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves for the studied glass samples with different Dy2O3 contents have been obtained to determine the glass transition temperature (í µí±‡g), crystallization temperature (Tc), glass stability temperature (ΔTs) Hruby's parameter (H). From the DTA profile, the glass transition temperature Tg, was in the range of 287-302 °C, crystallization temperature Tc from 408-502 °C, glass melting temperature Tm, 662-659 °C and crystallization onset temperature Tx is estimated to be between 354-389 °C. The thermal stability factor, defined as ΔTs = Tc-Tg, for all the samples are higher than 100 °C while Hruby's parameter H, is 0.47-1.33. These suggest that the prepared tellurite glass exhibits a good thermal stability and consequently might be a potential candidate for fibre drawing and other nonlinear optical devices.

In this paper, a dual-core photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bio-compatible sensor is proposed for various bio-organic molecules and biochemical analytes refractive index (RI) detection in the visible to near-infrared region (0.5 to 2 µm). Two hexagonal ring lattice with all circular air-holes are used to simplify the sensor structure. To make the practical applications feasible, plasmonic material and analyte sensing layer both are employed at the outer surface of the fiber. Noble plasmonic material gold (Au) having a thickness of 30 nm is used to excite the surface plasmons. A thin layer of titanium oxide (TiO 2) having a thickness of 5 nm is also considered as an adhesive layer between the Au and silica glass. The sensor response is investigated using the mode solver based finite element method (FEM). Numerical results indicate that the proposed sensor shows a maximum amplitude sensitivity (AS) of 6829 RIU −1 , amplitude resolution (AR) of 5 × 10 −6 RIU, maximum wavelength sensitivity (WS) of 28,000 nm/RIU, and wavelength resolution (WR) of 3.57 × 10 −6 RIU, using the amplitude and wavelength interrogation methods, respectively. Moreover, a maximum figure of merit (FOM) of 2800 RIU −1 is obtained, which is the highest among the reported PCF-SPR sensor. Owing to the promising sensitivity and simple structure, the proposed sensor can be potentially applicable for the detection of biochemical solutions and biological samples. Index Terms-Fiber optic sensor, amplitude sensitivity (AS), refractive index (RI), SPR sensing, figure of merit (FOM).

Nano - sized Zn0.96Cu0.04Al2O4 powder was synthesized by microwave- assisted combustion technique.
The structural and morphological properties of the title compound were characterized by Powder Xray diffraction (XRD) and High-Resolution Transition Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). XRD results enunciate that the nanoparticle crystallizes in cubic spinel structure with average crystallite size (17.18 nm) and
specific surface area 75.2866 (m2/g). In the HRTEM image shows spherical shape in nature. From the
luminescence spectrum, the energy bandgap value was calculated as 2.973 eV. The nonlinearity studies
of Zn/Cu/Al2O4 nanoparticles were measured by Z-scan technique. This technique was used to calculate
the third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear absorption coefficient (b), nonlinear
refractive index (n2) and third-order nonlinear susceptibility (v(3)).

Kazimierz Jędrzejewski, Tadeusz Kozek, Ryszard Romaniuk, Właściwości elementów światłowodowego systemu telekomunikacyjnego w trudnych warunkach środowiskowych - termicznych i radiacyjnych (Część 1: rozdziały 1-4); Properties of optical fiber telecom system in adverse working environment - thermal and ionizing radiation (Part 1, chapters 1-4);
Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Electronics, Institute of Electronics Fundamentals, Warsaw, 1982;
Spis treści:
Wprowadzenie Oddziaływanie promieniowania jonizującego z materiałami dla techniki światłowodowej Wpływ promieniowania jonizującego na światłowody Wpływ promieniowania jonizującego na źródła światła Wpływ promieniowania jonizującego na półprzewodnikowe detektory stosowane w telekomunikacji Techniczna strona eksperymentu radiacyjnego ze światłowodami produkcji krajowej Wpływ zmian temeperatury na szkła stosowaene w technice światłowodowej Podsumowanie Rozeznanie w zakresie krajowych możliwości prowadzenia badań systemów i urządzeń światłowodowych w środowiskach radiacyjnych i termicznych Bibliografia