Gram Staining

The purpose of Gram staining is to demonstrate the presence of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in clinical specimens using morphology and Gram staining. This test is useful for determining the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in clinical specimens based on their morphology and demonstrating the purity of cultures; it also aids in the identification of gonococci and pneumococci. Grams staining is required for all suspected cases of bacterial meningitis. The presence or absence of pus cells and squamous epithelial cells is also determined using Gram stained smears.

Reproductive disorders are responsible for significant economic losses in canary aviculture due to embryo and newborn chick mortality. Most of the time, deaths are caused by bacterial pathogens, however little published data exist about the prevalence of bacterial isolates that are identified during diagnostic protocols. This study reports on data collected from previous investigations carried out on cloacal swabs (n 456), unhatched eggs (n 52), and dead newborn chicks (n 68) collected from canary aviaries with a history of reproductive disorders. Of the examined samples, 41% were positive for the presence of pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria, with particular regard to Gram negative species during bacteriological investigations. The most prevalent microorganisms were Gram‑negative (55%). A predominance of Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Pantoea genera was observed. These are usually associated to pathological conditions in pet birds. Among Gram‑positive bacteria, Bacillus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. were most prevalent. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing carried out on bacterial isolates showed a multiple resistance, especially against amoxycillin, erythromycin, spiramycin, tiamulin, and tylosin. This study represents a first attempt to provide an update on microbial causes of embryonic and neonatal mortality in canary aviaries in Italy; in addition, it provides further understandings about the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. Reproductive disorders in domestic canaries (Serinus canarius domesticus): a retrospective study on bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial resistance in Italy from 2009 to 2012

Bio-fertilizers are currently being considered as effective and environmentally-safe alternatives to synthetic fertilizers. In recent years, the use of many Rhizobia in the growth of many plants has found commercial utilization in developing countries especially as growth promoters. This study was conducted to isolate Rhizobacteria from the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of cauliflower (Brasicca oleracea) collected from ChattaBakhtawar, Islamabad, Pakistan. Extraction of rhizobacteria was done and the composition was maintained accordingly as for biofertilizers. Luria-Bertini (LB) media was used to isolate rhizobacterial strains and the identification of rhizobacteria was done by studying many morphological characteristics of colonies growing on the media. These characteristics include Form, Elevation, Margin, Opacity and Colour; these were recorded periodically. For the confirmation of rhizobacteria; biochemical tests were performed. strains were phosphate positive; these confirmed qualities of rhizobacteria. Taken together, the present investigation adds more information to current understanding of Nitrogen-fixing by rhizobacteria; and will be useful for the commercialization of these strains to improve the yield of economic plants like cauliflower. Thus, identification of strains to species level and field studies are recommended before adoption by farmers in agricultural field practices.