Group of Companies

Yakın zamanda kurulan Türkiye Varlık Fonu’nun, şirketler hukuku, rekabet hukuku ve sermaye piyasası hukuku gibi hukukun birçok alanında etkileri söz konusudur.
Bu etkilerin Türkiye’nin hukuki ve ekonomik sisteminde yaratabilecekleri olası problemlerin önlenmesi için önceden incelenmeleri ve açıklığa kavuşturulmaları gerekir. Açıklığa kavuşturulması gereken hususlardan biri, Türkiye Varlık Fonu ve portföyünde yer alan şirketlerin bir şirketler topluluğu oluşturup oluşturmadığıdır.
Bunu takiben ele alınması gereken bir diğer husus ise, eğer gerçekten ortada bir şirketler topluluğu varsa, Türkiye Varlık Fonu mevzuatı da göz önüne alındığında, Türk Ticaret Kanunu’nun ilgili hükümlerinin doğrudan uygulanıp uygulanamayacağı hususudur.
Bu makale, varlık fonu kavramının mahiyetini, kuruluş amaçlarını ve biçimlerini açıklayarak incelemekte, ardından ise Türkiye Varlık Fonu’nu ve Türkiye Varlık Fonu çevresinde oluşan şirketler topluluğunu ele almaktadır.

In  the  21st  Century,  the  commerce  is  not confined  to the  boundaries  of  any single-nation  state.  Hence,  we  have  been  witness  to  the  transactions  and  disputes involving  multiple  parties  and  legal  systems.  Assuming  that  you  are  an  in-house counsel  in  an  MNE.  Do  you  ever  wonder  whether  the  parent  or  sister  companies' counsel  or  the  opposing  counsel  may  make  contact  with  you  about  the  arbitral proceedings  that  your  client  has  never  agreed  on  in  the  first  place?  Is  it  possible whether  the  non-signatory  parties  are  bound  by  or  benefit  from  the  arbitration agreement, and what could be the possible legal grounds given the doctrine of privity of contract? This article discusses one of these grounds, the group of companies doctrine, in  the  context  of  Turkish  and  US  legal  systems  comparatively  and  explores  its applicability in light of precedents.

O presente estudo visa analisar a aplicabilidade da desconsideração da
personalidade jurídica na arbitragem, a partir das teorias existentes a respeito da extensão da cláusula compromissória a partes não signatárias. Ao contrário do pregado por parte da doutrina e pelo STJ, acredita-se não ser possível a utilização das teorias do implied consent
e group of companies, para fins de se justificar a possibilidade de desconstituir o princípio da separação patrimonial em procedimento arbitral.

Abstract
1. In spite of the principle of the common will of the parties that governs the arbitration agreement and the arbitration in general as an alternative to the State Courts, there is a growing trend of international arbitration practice and doctrine which extends the effects of the arbitration agreement to third non-signatory parties.

2. Arbitrators from different jurisdictions justified their extension decision on theories such as group of companies, group of contracts, piercing the corporate veil (alter ego), implicit agency relationship, or subrogatio situations.

3. This dissertation paper is trying to assess the applicability of these theories under the Romanian Law, with a focus on the Romanian Procedural Law and the rules of the Court of International Commercial Arbitration attached to the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Romania.

4. We shall examine the situations permitted by the CICA Arbitration Rules and Romanian legislation when a third party non signatory can become part of an arbitration dispute.

5. All these theories will be referred globally as the Extension Theories.

6. In the introductive chapter, first we shall present our considerations conducting to the selection of this topic in order to become subject to the current analyse.

7. In the methodology chapter (Chapter II) we shall indicate the types of research performed, the order of the study and the logic behind it.

8. In the general consideration chapter (Chapter III) we shall propose a definition for arbitration, in close relation with the consensus principle and emphasizing the exceptions from this principle.

9. In the next chapter (Chapter IV) we shall present the most important theories which justify the exceptions from the party consensus principle. Flowing to this, we shall present the Extension Theories and the arguments which justify the extension of the arbitration agreement to third non signatory parties and the jurisdictions where these theories are embraced by the arbitrators and the local legislations.

10. In Chapter V there will be made an analysis of the obstacles in applying the Extension theories raised by Romanian legislation and CICA Rules.

11. Chapter VI will deal with some special situations under CICA Rules in relation with the main topic of the dissertation.

12. Chapter VII we will present the possibilities to extend the arbitration agreement to third non-signatory parties under CICA Rules and NCPC.

13. Chapter VIII is a collection of CICA cases where the extension of arbitration agreement was taken into consideration.

14. And finally, in the last chapter IX conclusions:
• we shall assess if the Extension Theories are applicable even in Romania and in which situations.
• we shall identify the situations from Romanian Civil Procedural Code standpoint which allow the extension of a case to other parties as Joinder.
• finally, we shall present our opinion by proposing a few law adjustments in order to make the Extension Theories applicable in Romania on a wider scale.

La idea de la posición empleadora plural ha venido tomando creciente importancia en el Derecho del Trabajo a partir de la desvertebración jurídica de la empresa fordista junto con el crecimiento de la fragmentación empresarial (redes de empresas y grupos de empresas). A partir de este marco, el objeto de este artículo es el análisis jurídico de la doctrina del joint employer estadounidense y, específicamente, de la controversia jurídica iniciada en agosto de 2015 (y que todavía permanece abierta) sobre el estándar del joint employer de la National Labor Relations Board de los Estados Unidos de América (NLRB). El objetivo de ello es aproximarse preliminarmente a problemática de la posición empleadora plural y extraer lecciones jurídicas para su determinación y eventual tratamiento legislativo en España.

The idea of the plural employing position has been taking an increasing importance in labour law since the legal dismemberment of the fordist firm along with the growth of the enterprise's fragmentation (enterprises' networks and group of companies). Taking into consideration this framework, the aim of this paper is the legal analysis of the American joint employer doctrine and, particularly, of the legal controversy initiated in August 2015 (and still opened) regarding the joint-employer standard of the United States of America's National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). The objective is to approximate to the legal issue of the plural employing position and to extract legal lessons for its determination and eventual legislative treatment in Spain.

The Comparative Labor Law Dossier (CLLD) in this issue 3/2017 of IUSLabor is dedicated to the labor effects of corporate groups and group of companies. We have had the collaboration of internationally renowned academics and professionals from Canada. Without detriment to recommend our readers to read the complete articles of the comparative dossier, we have drawn the top 10 conclusions and elaborated a summary table with the most relevant issues regarding labor effects of corporate groups and group of companies in the different legal systems analyzed in this issue of IUSLabor.

El Comparative Labor Law Dossier (CLLD) de este número 3/2017 de IUSLabor está dedicado a los efectos laborales de los grupos de sociedades y los grupos de empresas. Hemos obtenido la participación de académicos y profesionales de prestigio. Sin perjuicio de recomendar a nuestros lectores la lectura del capítulo correspondiente a cada uno de los países citados, en las páginas que se suceden hemos incluido las 10 conclusiones principales que hemos alcanzado, así como un cuadro-resumen con aquellas cuestiones más relevantes en materia de los efectos laborales en los grupos de sociedades y los grupos de empresas en los ordenamientos jurídicos analizados en este número de

The richness and the importance of Florence during the 14th and 15th centuries are well known all around the world. However only few people know that behind this richness there was a banking group - Banco de’ Medici - managed similarly to a nowadays bank colossus. This paper presents an analysis of the governance and accountability systems of this bank. Based both on precious documents of the Florence State Archive and on the existing literature, this paper offers an in-depth study of one of the earliest examples in the world of a bank holding company. In order to understand both the true nature of the Banco de’ Medici group and the links between holdings and subsidiaries, the governance and the accounting records of the main headquarters in Florence and the Lyon branch were investigated. This article contributes to literature shedding new light on the structure of this important bank, the relationship between the holding company and its subsidiaries and on the relationship between ...