Knee Prostheses

Biomaterials are used to make devices to replace a part or a function of the body in safe, reliably economically, and physiologically acceptable manner. A variety of devices and materials are used in the treatment of disease or injury. Commonplace examples include suture needles, plates, teeth fillings, etc.

Biomaterials are any substance or drugs, of synthetic or natural origin, which can be used for any period alone or as part of a system and that increases or replaces any tissue, organ or function of the body. Biomaterials cover all classes of materials – metals, ceramics, polymers.
During the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the development of biocompatible and biodegradable materials for medical applications.

A two-dimensional, seven link, nine degrees of freedom biped model was developed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of normal and transfemoral amputee locomotion during the entire gait cycle. The equations of motion were derived using the Lagrange method and the stance foot-ground contact was simulated using a five-point penetration model. The joint driving torques were obtained using forward dynamic optimization of the normal human gait and applied to the intact joints of the amputee. Three types of motion controllers; frictional, elastic and hydraulic were considered for the prosthetic joints of the amputee and their design parameters were optimized to achieve the closest kinematics to that of the normal gait. It was found that, if optimally designed, all three passive controllers could reasonably reproduce a normal kinematical pattern in the swing phase. However, the stance phase kinematics could only be replicated by the hydraulic and elastic controllers; the performance of the latter was highly sensitive to the design parameters. It was concluded that an appropriately designed hydraulic motion controller can provide reasonably normal kinematics and reliable stability for stance knee flexion prostheses. © 2013 Shandiz et al.; licensee InTech.

cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/43698/InTech-A_robotic_model_of_transfemoral_amputee_locomotion_for_design_optimization_of_knee_controllers.pdf