Languages and Literature

Since they were first published in the 1890's Emily Dickinson's (1830-1886) poems have elicited queries regarding the proprieties of editing. This dissertation considers processes through which Dickinson's work has been edited in the twentieth century and how such editorial processes contribute specifically to the production of Emily Dickinson as author. As the project of editing Dickinson's work has always been associated with sketching her life any such editorial project is a production of a specific version of both her work and her life. The representation of Dickinson's work has been a concrete problem from the beginning. All the idiosyncratic aspects of Dickinson's handwritten manuscripts such as versions of poems and variants of specific words, calligraphy and choice of kind of paper and pen or pencil contribute to the complexity of her work and have been variously treated in different editions. The posthumous editing of her handwritten manuscripts into the conventions of the book and the conven tions of the electronic archive has been formed by editors' assumptions about the 'literary work.' At stake is fundamentally what a Dickinson poem may be, or, rather, how we may approach such an object. As this study assumes that all versions of Dickinson's work, including the edited versions, are part of what may be understood as a wider text, all editions are here understood as contributing towards the formulation of what Dickinson's work may be. This study proceeds by close readings of critical and editorial debates. Chapter 1 considers the early- to mid-twentieth century study and editing of Dickinson as a context both for more recent debates in Dickinson editing and for this study's metacritical approach. Chapter 2 analyzes the argument that Dickinson's work must be understood in its handwritten 'original' form. In the 1990s her handwriting became emblematic of a critical desire for an 'original' inscription. The most important effect of this argument is that one cannot easily read this set of texts in print: it is impossible to deny Dickinson's manuscripts artistic significance. Chapter 3 explores how this manuscript criticism has put into practice the editing of Dickinson electronically. I consider how electronic media may transform the editing, dissemination and interpretation of Emily Dickinson. (Less)

The article presents analysis results of translation of medication package inserts from English and German to Russian and Uzbek languages. Data about the frequency of use of the translation techniques that correspond to lexical and grammatical transformations in translated units of any text genre is given. The most frequently used translation techniques are identified: selection of equivalent lexical forms, combination of different techniques, calque translation, and explicatory translation.

Childhood has its own ways of seeing, thinking and feeling: nothing is more foolish than to try to substitute our ways.-Rousseau R. K. Narayan might be most famous for his classic story of a fictional world called Malgudi, but the author was also far ahead of his time when it came to how a child mind would think, according to an academic who argues in a new book that the Swami and friends author's whimsical stories deliberately explore the nature of child psyche.

الباعث الحقيقي على نشر هذه النسخة من الدلائل هو تبيان الترتيب النبوي الشريف في تسبيع الأحزاب والأيام  بإرشادات الحضرة المصطفوية التي أكرم بها سيدي الشيخ محمد المجذوب ليكون ذلك بشارة للمحبين للتبرك بقراءته واتخاذ ورد سبعهم اليومي على منواله ولا سيما وقد اشتهر عن بعض المشايخ  أن الصلاة على النبي تكفي عن الشيخ لمن لا شيخ له. جعلنا الله من خيار المتعلقين بحضرة النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام الشريفة ومن خاصة المتشربين بأنوار الصلاة والسلام عليه المنتفعين بلطائف إفاضاته على خاصة محبوبيه وأصفيائه إنه غنيٌّ كريم.

The Room On The Roof is a famous novel created by Ruskin Bond at the age of 17. The fiction genre got first published in the year 1956 and still asserts publication. The novel is his first creation at the age of adolescence-the age of emotional and physical changes in the life of a growing teen. The young writer has created different child characters like Rusty, Kishen, Somi, Suri & Ranbir, who are either teenagers or approaching the state in the story. The child characters are portraying the emotional behaviours on the demands of circumstances and are going through psychological vicissitudes. This invokes to study each child's character through psychological measures. The general psychological measures used in studying a character are-openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. They would be lightning effects to study their psyche and characters and would help in finding treatments as well.

The present research paper explores Laxmi Prasad Devkota's use of nonconformist theme and style in his seminal poem The Lunatic. His nonconformist theme and his style challenge the traditional values and norms prevailing in the contemporary society. The poet develops his consciousness of change and antitraditional view against the contemporary society in his poem The Lunatic. He challenges the contemporary traditional social norms, systems and values in order to flow his consciousness of change and progress. Devkota is against the traditional Rana regime and advocated for consciousness of change, progress and democracy in his literary work.

Abdul Hassan Yamin-ud-din Khusrau, better known as Amir Khusrau was born at Patiali in district Etah of U.P. in 1252. He was the disciple of famous sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau is regarded as one of the greatest Persian poet and historian of his age and is said to have written four lakh couplets. He was a prolific writer of prose, poetry and music and was the first Muslim to write in Hindi. His reputation among the historians of his time seems to have been mainly due to his good taste and balanced criticism and patronage of poets. He was also a great singer and enjoyed the title of "Tuti-Hind" or Parrot of India. Amir-Khusrau saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms in Delhi, yet he maintained his association with each successive monarch. The Khilji and Tuglaq rulers treated him with honour and he lived in the court of prince Mohmad, son of Balban. He wrote many books. His famous historical works are: Qiran-us-Saadian, Miftah-ul-Futuh, TuglaqNama, Tarakh-i-Alia etc.

Canadian literature in English is one of the most virile works of literature. More like the observable sound, it has offered two major critical attitudes those are based on the merit analysis and a proper critical perspective. While reading new kinds of literature, it is not a matter of granting concessions but of exploring and defining tradition is a significant tenant. But, Canadian literature has a deep tradition and a canon. The standard is also on a different level. These structures may help to develop within a narrower frame of time and it acquires young writer's valuable thoughts and ideas in the given situational perspective. After the emergence out of the Canadian tradition of the English-French-American trinity, there is a number of writers have started to write about their conditions, sufferings, and most importantly their identity. This paper also deals with the real identity of Canadian magnanimity that they have not had under the British colonialism. Margret Atwood's "Surfacing" is a novel, which is clearly depicted the identity of Canada after its post-colonial epoch.

Globalization is a process of sharing, spreading the objects, ideas, experiences to the people around the world. The very idea of 'sharing' comes with the concept of connecting through minds and hearts of people. The whole Globe is made up of various continents and oceans geographically which consist of multi cultural people. With the existence of various cultures come the varieties of objects and experiences. 'Globality' is the condition, where as, 'Globalization' is the process of transaction of social relations worldwide. The concept furthers with the idea of 'Glocalization' which is the combination of the terms, 'Globalization+ Localization'. According to Management Dictionary, Glocalization is an amalgamation of the words "Global" and "Localization". It is a term used for describing a product or service whose development and distribution is done globally, but after it reaches different local markets it is tailored to accommodate the user of that particular local market. It is basically the adaptation of globally standard products done in the local markets according to the laws, consumer preference, customs etc. The concept describes a product or service that is developed and distributed globally, however, is also adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local market. The research intends to evaluate Omkara directed by Vishal Bharadwaj which is the Film Adaptation of the play Othello by William Shakespeare with Glocal perspective.

Gothic as a literary form became the most popular kind of literature developed in England in the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Century with the works such as The Castle of Otranto, The Monk, and Melmoth the Wanderer. Horace Walpole started this genre of gothic fiction with The Castle Of Otranto (1764). Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, the author of Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus (1818), has very boldly and majestically described a giant or monster Frankenstein, who became the root cause of troubles in the novel. Likewise, Stephenie Meyer's The Twilight Saga, which also comes under the gothic genre, has full contents of gothic settings and various supernatural bloodthirsty demonic vampire-themed characters. The motive of this research paper attempts to explore the gothic elements in the select works of Mary Shelley and Stephenie Meyer. It will deal with the full range of themes related to the gothic genre in the famous excellent works, as mentioned earlier. As both, the novelists attempt to make the world aware of the undead existing in this earthly sphere through their imagination. The work will explore not only the aberrant aspect of gothic literature but also the beast-human relationship, with the association of psychological and physiological circumstances creating the creepy, frightening, and shuddersome settings in these gothic narratives.

Bapsi Sidhwa, born on August 11, 1938, is a Pakistani novelist belonging to Gujarati Parsi, writing in English and is residing in US. Sidhwa as a novelist informs about the abilities of women. She demonstrates the genuine occurrences of the social order and an aching truth. Her second novel The Pakistani Bride illustrates the distressing familiarities of an orphaned girl named Zaitoon before and after marriage in the male dominated culture. The novel also portrays the diverse troubles experienced by women in a patriarchal society. The difficulties are demonstrated through different women characters like Zaitoon, Carol and the mother of Saki, Hamida. The subject matter of false philosophy of marriage is also significant in the novel. The novel further illustrates that women have constantly been believed to be objects to please the sexual craving of men in married life. In this paper the author will try to explain how Sidhwa tries to present the miserable conditions of women in a male dominating society.

Several technologies in the negative utopian novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, may look incredible, even in the radiance of the technical rise our society has made since the novel was written, though, some of the technologies just might seem common. Much of visualization of Huxley is by now harsh realism today. Human kind has already witnessed the growth of the basic principles apparent in the novel with themes like consumerism, cloning, government control, and drugs to make them contented. At the present, when a scientific revolution is discovered, people would turn to coming closer to the Brave New World. We are, nowadays, more cognizant of changes that technology brings upon us and try to identify its possible intimidation. It is the reason why there are always contrasting groups of some improvements, aiming to observe not only the positive sides but the negative sides of new technology.

The supernatural beings in the form of the three witches play a key role in the Shakespearean tragedy-Macbeth. It is the bizarre choice of linguistic elements in their utterances which are essentially in the form of couplets that brings out the curiosity among the mortal beings in the play. Their power of language is such that can motivate the participants in the conversation to adopt means which can lead to their gradual downfall with a momentary period of being in absolute power. The problem lies in interpreting the reason as to whether the witches play with words to deceive the humans or they are in fact foretellers. Their speech is dominated by ambiguities, paradoxes, vagueness and enticement which keeps the addressee confused and greedy for power. In this paper, an attempt has been made to critically analyse the conversations of the witches in the play to understand the linguistic features that characterise their speech and leave an everlasting impression on the interlocutors.

Literature is the mirror of the society. Literature in a sense not only provides and describes the events of the society, rather, it enriches, provides the required idea of the conditions the individual faces during the course of time in the society. There was a varied pattern when it started something to be talked about literature. In the early stages literature had a different concept of placing the emotions in front of people through poetic form. These poetic forms were gradually taken over by story and later on novels. Novels had been a major source of continuous action among the people which proved to be much flexible with flexibility of language. Trends changed on from the classical language to the languages which describe the situation in general. A new trend which emerged in presenting the social life among the general class was with the drama. The huge difference could be found with the way of presentation of the play when taken into consideration the time period of its emergence to the recent contemporary era. This complete change over in the pattern of presentation made the varied people with their though to come together. A varied form of writing with difference in pattern of stage performance and presentation can be found with many contemporary writers. From being epical in nature to being contemporary social in thought is what can be called as emerging drama which consistently pushes the individual to think in a much deeper sense.

India is a great diversity in itself. It is not only one of the most ancient countries of the world but also the oldest continuous culture and civilization. Owing to this, India is loved by its indigenous people and by foreigners, migrants, rulers and invaders as well. Many of them made India as their home country and got influenced by the culture, tradition, food, dress and language of the people of India. However, they too, knowingly or unknowingly, influenced the people of India by their own tradition and hence contributed to the composite culture of India. This paper endeavors to analyze the role of Mughals, more particularly the princes, towards the propagation and promotion of Persian culture and literature.

The goal of this paper is to offer a unified analysis of the morphological structure of spatial adpositions and spatial case markers in three languages: English, Spanish, and Finnish. This analysis combines Distributed Morphology assumptions with a Type-Logical formal treatment. Two key results emerge from this unified morpho-syntactic analysis. First, spatial adpositions (behind, encima, laelta) can be accounted as the result of merging different “types” of spatial morphemes, including spatial case markers and particles. Second, cross-linguistic syntactic phenomena involving these categories (e.g. argument demotion) can also be accounted for straightforwardly, via our analysis. We suggest that these results also support a “morphology all the way up” view of Distributed Morphology.

This article proposes a comparative study of different translations of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare concerning the poly-semy, defi ned as a condensation of more than one signifi ed in the same signifi er and potential source of equivalence in translation. It is represented in this work by double meaning expressions with obscene connotation named jogos de linguagem (language games). The analysis is based on theoretical assumptions of translation that defi ne it as an interpretative and communicative process based on the studies of Rosa Rabadán (1991) and Hurtado Albir (2001). It aims at studying the translation of polysemy in this literary work through the comparison and analysis of three translations into Portuguese. They are Beatriz Viégas-Faria's translation, published in 1998, Bárbara Heliodora's translation, published in 2004, and Elvio Funck's translation, published in 2011. Through this analysis and comparison, we hope to evince that the translation of the jogos de linguagem, which are a continuous characteristic of William Shakespeare's work, requires a careful treatment concerning the reproduction of the communicative function of comicality through the exploration of sexuality. Therefore the analysis of the treatment of polysemy in the translations will also allow us to know its effects in the production of texts of the target language and to refl ect on the best way of reproducing them in order to propose strategies to solve this kind of translation problem considering the necessity of an adjustment towards the social and cultural context in which they are inserted. Resumo: Este artigo apresenta um estudo comparativo de traduções da obra Romeu e Julieta, de William Shakespeare, no que se refere à polis-semia, entendida como uma condensação de signifi cados em um só signi-fi cante e fonte potencial de inequivalência na tradução. Nessa obra, a po-lissemia é representada pelas expressões de duplo sentido com conotação obscena, aqui denominadas jogos de linguagem. A análise se sustenta nos pressupostos teóricos da tradução de Rosa Rabadán (1991) e Hurtado Albir (2001), que a compreendem como um processo interpretativo e comuni-cativo. O objetivo é estudar a tradução da polissemia nessa obra, a partir da comparação e da análise de soluções em três traduções para o portu-guês: Beatriz Viégas-Faria (1998), Bárbara Heliodora (2004) e Elvio Funck (2011). As respectivas análises e comparações evidenciam que a tradução dos jogos de linguagem, característica constante na obra de William Sha-1 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 2 Docente dos Cursos de Graduação e Pós-Graduação em Letras da UFRGS.

The article reviews on a latest survey of seventy two settings in a county within side the South West of Gujarat and 5 case research exploring modern practices and aspirations for getting to know exterior for kids among the k12 to understudies. Practitioners` aspirations for out of doors getting to know seem to move past presenting clean air and 'letting off steam and encompass opportunity pedagogies and enrichment for the curriculum. This paper significantly evaluates the results of private values related to the outside inclusive of freedom and fun; possession and autonomy; authenticity; love of wealthy sensory surroundings and physicality for pedagogical practice. Yet, obstacles to the overall exploitation of the capacity of out of doors getting to know stay and a number of the tensions mentioned among non-public values and the power for enhancing requirements keep within side the State are examined.

The central concept from which we began to create this work was the concept of beauty. This concept, in the linguistic sense, was approached by us on two occasions. This paper deals with the way we describe it in poetry by some of our authors. In philosophical terms, the beauty is associated with moral purity (Kant and Schiller) and with the truth (Schiller). These concepts are well and nicely related in theology, too. The language, as a reflection of the conceptualization of the world by a man, testifies this: in the semantics and the semantic development of the "beauty" the meaning "good" is included. The illuminating book "Blessing" („Добротољубие“)/ "Filokalia" is a book that unites the concepts of love - beauty - goodness. In poetry, the concept of beauty, is associated with women and with love. According to Kant, the beauty is a virtue immanent to the woman, while the man's virtue is noble. According to him, the nature (of man and wo...

This paper attempts to study the ecological concerns in the novels of Australian writer, Tim Winton, and Indian writer, Amitav Ghosh. These writers have placed nature as the primary concern in their works. The paper focuses on the environmental issues raised by Ghosh and Winton that are specific to their respective lands and yet appear general in appeal. These writers have mirrored the reality that awaits humanity if it is not addressed in time. The primary focus is on the relation between humans and the non-human entity, i.e., Nature. The constant depletion of the environment has brought humans to the threshold of an apocalyptic reality, making it essential to think and work towards addressing environmental issues. In their 'works', these writers place the characters in the postmodern times, where the ultimate quest of 'man' is peace, and the ultimate source of the same has been steadily destroyed owing to human greed and ignorance. Nature, in fact, is an extension of our identity, and its degeneration has put our lives in jeopardy. Winton and Ghosh write about scenarios and characters that ironically suffer at the hands of their development. The writers focus on these issues in their fictional narratives, and also, how they show the ecological concern facing the world in present times.

This research paper critically analyzes Lil Bahadur Chhetri's popular novel "Mountains Painted with Turmeric" from the perspective of Marx's notion of class struggle. Firstly, it introduces exploitation of Dhane's family and their slight resistance in "Mountains Painted with Turmeric". Secondly, it has critically inquired into Marx's notion of class struggle how Marx sees as dialectical and material processes and other critics view how it leads towards the contradictions because every ruling class emerges with new forms of ruling system. Thirdly, it shows how class struggle operates in text and how the elements of exploitation in Dhane and Jhuma's life and how Dhane's resistance against bourgeoisie takes place. Finally, it also analyzes how voices of voiceless unite out of suffering; exploitation and resistance through critical aspects of class struggle have in Chhetri's "Mountains Painted with Turmeric".

Во ТЕДА проектот за популаризација на диванската книжевност се вклучени Џихан Окујуџу кој е автор на книгата “Gazel Bahçesi” (како еден од најдобрите познавачи на диванската книжевност во Р. Турција), Марија Леонтиќ како преведувач, Симон Саздов како лектор (од Р. Македонија) и издавачката куќа АУТОПРИНТ од Р. Македонија како реализатор на проектот. Целта на проектот беше да се презентира и популаризира османлиската диванска поезија во Македонија. Проектот се реализира со објавување нa двојазичната книга (турско-македонски): “Gazel Bahçesi” – Градина со газели” што претставува прва антологија на османлиската диванска поезија објавена во Македонија на турски и на македонски јазик. Со овој проект, Марија Леонтиќ од турски на македонски направи препев на следните дивански поети: Баки (Baki), Хајали (Hayalî), Неваји (Nevayî), Фузули (Fuzûlî), Зати (Zatî), Инби Кемал (İbn-i Kemal), Ташл’џал’ Јахја Бег (Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey), Емри (Emri), Нефи (Nefi), Шејхулислам Јахја (Şeyhülislam Yahya),...

Oliver Twist is a novel loved by many, read by more. It is a classic novel by Charles Dickens, portraying the life and hardships of a young boy named Oliver Twist, who was born in a work house. Oliver is bright and righteous, the exact opposite of his brother Edward “Monks” Leeford. This essay will follow Oliver and Monks and analyse their characters in the light of the literary hero and the literary villain and in doing so see how Dickens use the characters as literary tools to convey his view of a dark, uncaring Victorian society as well as his hopes for a brighter future. Their strong characteristics make way for a fascinating story, a story that do not only tell us about Oliver’s bravery and Monks’ egoism, but one that do also prove that they are characters created by Dickens to show both the Victorian society that he lived in as well as the society that it could become.

This essay is a study of the novel El Señor Presidente, written by Miguel Ángel Asturias andpubliced 1946. It falls under the subgenre the novel of the dictator. My intentions of this studie iscentered arround the concept of fear, which I metaforically link to the human anatomy. I intend toanalyze how this fictive dictatorial system effects its citizen, how they behave affected by anconstant and sometimes instant fear. And how it is used by ambicious people within the system, fortheir own means, and that in some sense is a living organism, a closed circuit where the true ruler isnot the president, but the fear which is constantly reproduced and put in orbit.Further on my intencion is to analyze how Asturias use literary resources, en particularyintertextuality, onomatopoeia and surrealism to create this atmosphere of horror and fear.Este ensayo es un estudio de la novela El Señor Presidente, escrita por Miguel Ángel Asturias ypublicada en 1946. Se engloba en el subgénero de la novel...

Este artigo apresenta um estudo comparativo de traduções da obra Romeu e Julieta, de William Shakespeare, no que se refere à polissemia, entendida como uma condensação de significados em um só significante e fonte potencial de inequivalência na tradução. Nessa obra, a polissemia é representada pelas expressões de duplo sentido com conotação obscena, aqui denominadas jogos de linguagem. A análise se sustenta nos pressupostos teóricos da tradução de Rosa Rabadán (1991) e Hurtado Albir (2001), que a compreendem como um processo interpretativo e comunicativo. O objetivo é estudar a tradução da polissemia nessa obra, a partir da comparação e da análise de soluções em três traduções para o português: Beatriz Viégas-Faria (1998), Bárbara Heliodora (2004) e Elvio Funck (2011). As respectivas análises e comparações evidenciam que a tradução dos jogos de linguagem, característica constante na obra de William Shakespeare, requer um tratamento cuidadoso no que diz respeito à reprodução de sua f...

ABSTRACT Foucault’s definition of power say’s that, power is something which is constructed, difficult to resist, pervasive and normalizing force, one which often works both through and within the body, making it a central site of power. By the very concept of biopower what Foucault has in his mind are the diverse methods used to or rather aim to discipline, control and regulate the body. The rationale behind the use of various techniques of biopower such as normalization is that it works in the best interests of the population whether that interest relates to health, well being or lifestyle. Normality is held as the ideal and the aim of the normalizing techniques is to produce individuals who have internalized the discipline and thus became normal. One of the key weapons used by biopower nowadays is media which has a wide reach. Media propagates the hegemonic ideologies, discourses and practices of the society. Media plays the key role in promoting the so called normality established by the society. Unrealistic portrayal of women in media texts deals with the woman’s body as a spectacle. This marketing techniques employed by the media to attract more audience thus create negative impact on young women. Young women, influenced by certain body images shown in films and advertisements, believe that being thin is the only way to be beautiful. The discrepancy between media image and the real life image lead these young women to resort to undesirable ways of dieting and exercise.

The objective of this paper is to gain insights into the students’ opinions, attitudes and suggestions in regard to grammar instruction in the learning and teaching of foreign languages. Furthermore, the paper explores and provides an overview of the current practices language teachers employ in order to present grammar rules in the foreign language classrooms in the Republic of Macedonia. The survey data was collected through a questionnaire administered primarily in the Faculty of Philology at the University Goce Delchev in Shtip. A total of 224 undergraduate students enrolled in their first semester participated in the survey from 2012 to 2016. The data analysis reveals students’ prior experiences, attitudes, and concerns related to the role and importance of grammar in foreign language teaching as well as students’ perceptions of the usefulness of grammar learning and its impact on the overall mastery of the language.

Sophia Elisabeth Brenner (1659-1730) was Sweden's first great female poet, writing and publishing her poems over a period of fifty years. She was also, however, a prolific letter writer. The dissertation is based on an inventory of all the preserved letters to and from her written in Latin, ...

Developed by Michael Halliday in the 1960s, systemic functional grammar is a model of grammar which was part of a broad social semiotic approach to language called systemic linguistics. The key term "systemic" in this concept refers to the view of language as a network of systems, or interrelated sets of options for making meaning; the term "functional" indicates that the approach is concerned with meaning, as opposed to formal grammar, which focuses on word classes such as nouns and verbs, typically without reference beyond the individual clause. Using this framework, this article investigates Mark Halliday's functional grammar in terms of three metafunctions and textual metafunction is the focus of the study. By studying and analyzing cohesive devices, the study helps to identify their realization in a scientific text. The subject of the study is a geography text taken from a coursebook for students of geography at Hanoi University of Education. To achieve the objective, the two main methods (descriptive and analytic) are used in order to investigate the structure and linguistic features of the text, including grammatical, lexical and rhetorical features.

This article proposes a comparative study of different translations of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare concerning the poly-semy, defi ned as a condensation of more than one signifi ed in the same signifi er and potential source of equivalence in translation. It is represented in this work by double meaning expressions with obscene connotation named jogos de linguagem (language games). The analysis is based on theoretical assumptions of translation that defi ne it as an interpretative and communicative process based on the studies of Rosa Rabadán (1991) and Hurtado Albir (2001). It aims at studying the translation of polysemy in this literary work through the comparison and analysis of three translations into Portuguese. They are Beatriz Viégas-Faria's translation, published in 1998, Bárbara Heliodora's translation, published in 2004, and Elvio Funck's translation, published in 2011. Through this analysis and comparison, we hope to evince that the translation of t...