Legal Risk

This piece of work is about Airbus A380 mega project and assessing its stakeholders, laws and risks involved in the project.
The development of commercial aircraft – Airbus A380 project is in the initial phase and the whole project outline is developed as per the project plans and deadlines. The product’s systemic key points and the product performance are included.

All the stakeholders concerned to the project are identified and mapped according to stakeholder diagram. As per the project plans, the stakeholders are engaged to their particular work towards accomplishment of the project. The cause of the shift of stakeholder  in the stakeholder diagram according to different phases is explained.

At the initial phase of the project, the risks involved are identified with their possibility and impact and the mitigation methods are planned and will be implemented during the occurrence of risk.
The legal risks which will cause an impact on the project are identified and assessed how the legal risks can be avoided in the project.

This article present some kind of risk of hard type that foreign corporations must face entering Vietnam market. Political and legal risk is very specific that differentiate Vietnam business environment from other business environments in the world, especially those of highly developed market. The article hints out how to manage those risks appropriately to achieve best business results for the foreign corporations which are not used to the completely new business environment they are facing.

The World Universities Comparative Law Project is a set of legal ratings of selected jurisdictions in the world carried out by students at leading universities in the relevant jurisdictions. This legal rating of Turkey was carried out by students at Istanbul University.

Why can testimony alone be enough for findings of liability? Why statistical evidence alone can’t? These  questions underpin the “Proof Paradox” (Redmayne 2008, Enoch et al. 2012). Many epistemologists have attempted to explain this paradox from a purely epistemic perspective. I call it the “Epistemic Project”.  In this paper, I take a step back from this recent trend. Stemming from considerations about the nature and role of standards of proof, I define three requirements that any successful account in line with the Epistemic Project should meet. I then consider three recent epistemic accounts on which the standard is met when the evidence rules out modal risk (Pritchard 2018), normic risk (Ebert et al. 2020), or relevant alternatives (Gardiner 2019 2020). I argue that none of these accounts meets all the requirements. Finally, I offer reasons to be pessimistic about the prospects of having a successful epistemic explanation of the paradox. I suggest the discussion on the proof paradox would benefit from undergoing a “value-turn”.

Climate change is one of the major environmental challenges of the twenty-first century. This chapter analyses the different ways climate change threatens cultural heritage, and examines the policy and legal measures that have been adopted by the European Union to enhance the protection of the European cultural heritage from the consequences of the accelerating degradation of the global climate. Its aim is twofold:. First, to demonstrate that the existing EU regulatory framework may permit, to a certain extent, to reduce exposure and vulnerability of cultural assets and to increase their resilience to the adverse impacts of the changing climate. Second, to signal that, however, the measures put in place are not entirely effective as they entail significant legal risks. This chapter argues that EU institutions, together with EU Member States, should strive to operationalize the principles of ‘common good’ and ‘sustainable development’ in order to transform the current piecemeal response to the climate change-related weather events and disasters that threaten the cultural heritage into a coherent and effective regulatory framework.

The objective of this article is to analyze how Italian Firms comply with the Internal Audit rules regarding the administrative liability of entities and to explain what the effect on the organizational structure was. In particular we collected data from 21 companies listed on the S&P/MIB index by sending a questionnaire to each Internal Audit Director. We show the features of internal audit system required by the 231 Italian Decree and how risk assessment and internal audit could serve as Corporate Governance Instruments. The 231 Italian Decree, like the Sarbanes-Oxley Act enhances and extends companies ’ accountability, transparency and integrity especially in business conduct. The innovativeness of this work is due to the idea of considering these elements as influential for the risk management optimization. As a consequence, a risk reduction can be achieved by improving the organizational and management models. Thought is commonly accepted that the risk optimization leads to a r...

Technology, since its introduction into the industry, has observed global and drastic changes over the years. With communication channels expanding across nations, the threats to security continue being increased with each growing day. Management of communication channels, by state or federal authorities, is thus important in the identification of criminals masked behind the internet. These criminals utilize the internet to generate or perform criminal acts, such as fraud and theft, from a personal to a state level. Countless times institutions have complained of the presence of a breach within their networking or predominant organizational system. For this reason, it is important to define rules and regulations that govern a region of the world that, previously, did not have any laws or regulations.
Cyber-attacks are issues that are experienced in every nation. For persons who engage in cyber-attacks, violate the privacy of persons and thus are acting against the law of the land. However, the determination of which nation has a right to convict the actor of the deed differs as various laws stipulate which nation is to be sovereign in given situations. Various states differ as to the point at which a person’s private life is invaded with the action of processing data that is from within their account. For this reason, there is a need to develop regulations that state where the privacy of an individual is contravened when accessing information that is online.
In 2016, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union developed the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).  Previously, it was a directive that had been developed to manage the European Union's (EU) jurisdiction in international conditions within the use of the Internet. In this article, a critical analysis of the GDPR is given with concentration being placed on the clauses stated concerning the factors and institutions it affects, and its scope of jurisdiction within and beyond the European Union.