MDG

Adult education policy is being created on the international level through several instrument – global commitments, agreed agendas and global programmes, common actions. Literacy is widely recognized as one of the most important goals in the global agendas – starting with MDGs and in EFA, both adopted in 2000, till the new one – SDGs. The authors took actively part in the policy creation and were able to conduct analysis of concepts, actors, events, policy planing and implementation. In the paper they offer the examination of the role of literacy in MDGs and EFA. Through the analysis of the documents and text, and monitoring reports and researches, the authors show that there is a big gap between policy plans and results, and highlight the reasons for the failure, which may influence the achievements of SDG agenda too. Their main focus is on the civil society perspective - being an important partner in the global policy making, civil society offers a concept and approach that may help in overcoming the existing gap and achieving better results in the field of adult literacy. Examples from several continents are given and advocacy is stressed as one of the main instruments for more effective NGO participation in decision-making and dialogue about adult education on the global level.

This paper tests the hypothesis that participation in the International Monetary Fund’'s Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility results in a reduction in the level of poverty. It can be seen that through the IMF’'s activities, it attempts to reduce the levels of poverty within the countries it helps. The mechanism which is supposed to help the IMF reduce poverty is somewhat unclear, yet much of the literature points to some effect of IMF program participation on various sectors of the economy, the outcome of this effect on each sector of society, however, is unclear. To attempt to evaluate the e¤ect that PRGF participation speci…cally may have on the poor, it is necessary to establish an accurate poverty measurement, as well as build the data set to be used. This is possible using the Human Development Index as a proxy for the poverty level, and a dummy variable representing whether the country participated in the PRGF in any given year. Other macroeconomic variables are also added as well as interacted into the model to provide a more explanatory economic model. The data covers at least 62 countries over 7 years, all of which are eligible for participation in the PRGF. Panel methods are used to fi…nd that it is likely that participation in the PRGF, ceteris paribus, increases the HDI, and therefore reduces poverty. Our hypothesis that PRGF programs achieve the reduction in poverty that they are supposed to achieve can therefore not be rejected, revealing some success in the IMF’s aim to eradicate poverty, as set out in the Millennium Development Goals.

This paper examines the progress made so far in achieving the trade targets of Millennium Development Goal 8 ("Building a Global Partnership for Development") with respect to the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) of Asia and the Pacific. The paper uses data from the OECD, WTO and UNDP, among others, to measure the MDG indicators 8.6, 8.7, and 8.9 with respect to these countries, thereby quantifying some of the impacts in these countries of recent global and national policy changes in the areas of market access, tariff preferences for LDCs and Aid for Trade. This paper concludes that while the market access commitments of the Hone Kong WTO Ministerial Declaration of 2005 have largely been met and LDCs of the Asia-Pacific benefit disproportionately from Aid for Trade, the overall share of LDC exports as a part of total world exports has not increased over the past decade. In its conclusion, this paper suggests that other factors such as non-tariff barriers and product competi...

There have been paradigms of international development cooperation, such as the Millennium Development Goals (Millenium Development Goals, MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Plan (Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs). MDGs has been affected in various ways to support the development of North Korea, and changed paradigm, SDGs will also affect the development of cooperation in various aspects of North Korea. This paper certainly applies North Korea to recently announced SDGs. According to discussions, international donors will basically focus on No Poverty, Zero Hunger, and Clean Water and Sanitation as they did in the past, and they also work for Decent Work and Economic Growth, Industry Innovation and Infrastructure and Responsible Consumption and Production for North Korea's Development.