Mineral Oils

The increasing attention to the environmental and health impacts of industrial activities by governmental regulations and by the growing awareness level in the society is forcing industrialists to reduce the use of mineral oil-based metalworking fluids as cutting fluid. Cutting fluids have been used extensively in metal cutting operations for the last 200 years. In the beginning, cutting fluids consisted of simple oils applied with brushes to lubricate and cool the machine tool. As cutting operations became more severe, cutting fluid formulations became more complex. There are now several types of cutting fluids in the market and the most common types can be broadly categorized as cutting oils or water-miscible fluids. In this review, the applicability of vegetable oil-based metalworking fluids in machining of ferrous metals has been undertaken. The advantages of metalworking fluids and its performances with respect to the cutting force, surface finish of work piece, tool wear and temperature at the cutting zone have been investigated. It has been reported in various literature that metalworking fluids, which are vegetable oil-based, could be an environmentally friendly mode of machining with similar performance obtained using mineral oil-based metalworking fluids. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. Allrightsreserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0890695511001726/1-s2.0-S0890695511001726-main.pdf?_tid=264eeadc-1d34-11e4-ae6e-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1407307234_34c85dbb762d33f91af7172058226f2e 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890695511001726

See details also at:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323302056_Global_pesticide_use_Profile_trend_cost_benefit_and_more

In present study, the data of pesticide use, crop (the total of cereals, pulses, roots and tubers, oil crops, fibre crops, fruits, vegetables, and melons, etc.) production and the area harvested of the world and major countries for the period between 1990 and 2014 were collected, organized and summarized from FAOSTAT. First I proposed an index to measure the productive efficiency of pesticide use, cost / benefit, which refers to the amount of pesticide use to produce a certain amount of crop in a year. Theoretical relationship between crop yield and cost / benefit of pesticide use is a model with the sigmoid curve: y = a + b / (1 + e^(c-rx)), where y is crop yield, x is cost / benefit of pesticide use. The results showed that global cost / benefit of pesticide use (total) increased with time during 1990 to 2007, and declined since 2007. Pesticide use (total) (kg / ha) had the similar trend. Global insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides & bactericides use and cost / benefit declined with time since 2007. During 2010 and 2014, mean pesticide cost / benefit was 0.645 g pesticide use (total) / kg crop production, and mean annual pesticide use (total) was 2.784 kg /ha. Mean cost / benefit of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides & bactericides use between 2010 and 2014 were 0.051, 0.16 and 0.074 g / kg crop production, respectively, and mean annual use of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides & bactericides were 0.221, 0.69 and 0.32 kg / ha, respectively. Globally, the cost / benefit of dithiocarbamates, bipiridils, carbamates insecticides, and organo-phosphates, and the use of dithiocarbamates, bipiridils, and carbamates insecticides have significantly declined since 2007, and conversely, the cost / benefit of triazoles / diazoles and the use of triazoles / diazoles, plant growth regulators, and amides, have significantly increased since 2007. Of the major countries, the averaged annual cost / benefit of pesticide use (total) of Brazil...

Over the past years the most important citrus pests poorly controlled despite multiple spraying and growers suffered heavy damage. To this end, a study was done to evaluate and compare the conventional insecticides with mineral oil spray (MOS) for the control of citrus pests and adverse effects in citrus orchards in Mazandaran province. In this study, the diversity and abundance of carabid beetles, as a specific predator of snails, were compared in conventional and free protocol pesticide (or MOS) orchards. The results showed that the frequency and distribution of important citrus pests in free protocol pesticide orchards after three years of treatment was significantly lower than conventional orchards. The comparison showed that continual use of synthetic pesticides in citrus orchards in the province , leading to a sharp reduction in their population and species diversity. The results of this study indicate that the use of mineral oil can be a useful alternative to synthetic pesticides in citrus orchards of the East province.

A comparative study of wear, friction, viscosity, lubricant degradation and exhaust emissions was carried out on a palm oil and a mineral oil-based commercial lubricating oil. The wear and friction test was at first conducted using a reciprocating universal wear machine followed by a two-stroke gasoline Yamaha portable generator set, ET 950. The test conditions for the bench test were: pressure, 3.0 MPa; sliding speed, 0.20 m s -1; sliding stroke, 80 mm; room temperature, ≅25 °C. The test conditions for the actual engine were: constant load, 0.4 kW for wear of the piston ring but various loads for exhaust emissions and constant speed, 2800 rpm. Analysis of post bench test lubricating oils was performed using ISL viscometer, TAN/TBN analyzer and FT-IR spectroscopy to investigate viscosity, TAN value and the oxidation level, respectively. Exhaust emission analysis was also performed using a BOSCH exhaust gas analyzer. Experimental results demonstrated that the palm oil based lubricating oil exhibited better performance in terms of wears, and that the mineral oil based lubricating oil exhibited better performance in terms of friction. However, the palm oil based lubricant was the more effective in reducing the emission levels of CO and hydrocarbon.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301679X99000523/1-s2.0-S0301679X99000523-main.pdf?_tid=553b78aa-a9c7-11e3-a0d0-00000aacb362&acdnat=1394616114_0b55dd59d8bfd087ecaa43860f72aea0 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X99000523

Manufacturing industries have been pressured to use less power and reduce pollution by the development of power-efficient and pollution-preventing policies from the government. However, quality and cost are of main concern in this agenda. In machining, the key solution for this issue is by increasing the effectiveness of existing lubrication systems as this reduces the power required to overcome the friction component in machining processes for less fuel consumption and pollution. In machining processes, in particular, improved lubrication systems will increase batch production rates with better product quality. Introducing nanolubrication reduces power consumption as the rolling action of a billion units of nanoparticles in the tool chip interface decreases the cutting forces significantly. Additionally, using nanolubrication in machining minimizes the consumption of the lubrication oil, which decreases pollution. Detailed analysis and implementation of nanolubrication in machining process with the proper parameter setup are mandatory to ensure the efficiency of implementing nanolubrication. In this research, SiO2 nanoparticles are mixed with ordinary mineral oil having 0.2% weight concentration. A proper sonification method is used to mix and suspend the particles thoroughly and efficiently. The results show a reduction in the coefficient of friction in the tool/chip interface. Hence, the cutting force and working power are reduced considerably compared with conventional lubrication systems. Consequently, considerable power savings, less oil consumption, and less pollution are achieved.

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00170-012-3940-7

Palm oil is also another choice of vegetable that is being eyed as a potential vegetable oil in the lubricating area. This paper presents a study of the development of a fiction force model for mineral oil basestock containing palm olein, and antiwear amine phosphate as additive, tested on a four-ball tribotester. The model is developed using terms of wear load, speed and operating time. These variables were investigated using the design of experiments and utilization of the response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, the effect of palm oil on wear scars of material tested was also discussed. This paper shows palm olein itself indeed is a good antiwear lubricant compared to mineral oil basestock (SN500), but the use of additives shows an increase in better lubrication as smaller wear scars are found out from using palm olein in the test runs. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0301679X0600140X/1-s2.0-S0301679X0600140X-main.pdf?_tid=4dca8328-a9c6-11e3-b565-00000aab0f26&acdnat=1394615672_02c733250344ef0e86e47633712ad530 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301679X0600140X