Monetary Transmission Mechanisms

This study investigates on which channels the monetary transmission mechanism works effectively. In this context, quarterly data for the period 2005-2017 is used for Turkey and the variables used to determine the efficiency of the monetary transmission mechanism are analyzed by the VAR method. The obtained results indicate that the loans and reserves have a more effective role on the inflation as a channel of the monetary transmission mechanism. According to the long run results, while the exchange rate and reserves channel have a negative effect on the real GDP, it is revealed that loans have a positive effect on the real GDP in the long run stabilization.

This paper empirically investigates the pass-through of the changes in the interest rate on Treasury bills in Pakistan to money market rate (call money rate), banks’ deposit rate, and banks’ lending rate. The motivation for the study is that the effectiveness of the monetary policy transmission mechanism hinges upon the speed and extent of the pass-through of the policy rate to the individual elements of the transmission mechanism. Call money rate, banks’ deposit rate, and banks’ lending rate, being important elements of the monetary transmission mechanism, the examination of the pass-through to these rates will shed light on the effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism. The results are, by and large, in conformity with the literature on the pass-through: pass-through of the changes in the treasury bill rate tocall money is completed in the impact period, i.e., one month. The pass-through to savings deposit rate starts during the first six months and continues for quite ...

The rapid spread of the internet and some aspects of  e-finance are changing the financial system in ways that are hard to predict. This has potential ramifications for monetary policy all through the process of its operation. Effects may be felt on the central bank’s ability to operate monetary policy,
the connection between interest rates it controls and key market rates, how these rates affect the real
economy and inflation, and the feedback from real economy data to policy setting.

Research on how money affects economic activity has revived interest in the socalled "credit view". In this paper we focus on current developments in the credit view in order to assess the results of the past decade's research and its legacy for macroeconomics and monetary policy. We expound the main models of the "credit channels" of monetary transmission, drawing a distinction between models of aggregate demand, which are predominant, and models of aggregate supply, which are less developed despite theory suggests a potential connection between credit conditions and firms' production activity. Each approach is accompanied by a survey of the main empirical results with particular reference to Italy, where bankfirm relations are traditionally regarded as particularly important.

This paper analyzes the effects of different monetary policy transmiss ion channels in Serbia as well as their implications for the current monetary policy framework and instruments. It has become apparent that, for the time being there are two active channels: the exchange rate channel and the expectations channel. Although the effect of transmission of the exchange rate on prices is dominant, the central bank is determined to conduct its monetary policy within the framework of an inflation targeting monetary strategy. In the future, other channels -primarily the interest rate and credit channels – are expected to become active as well. However, it should be said that the use of administrative measures has so far not been efficient in strengthening these channels. The Conclusion of the paper draws attention to the difficulties faced by monetary policymakers in the absence of support from other policies, especially fiscal policy.

This paper reviews and analyzes the effects that external (or exogenous) factors, defined as economic factors that cannot be controlled or influenced by the central bank, have on monetary policy and the monetary policy transmission mechanism. Adopting a theoretical research position, we aim at identifying the main external factors to monetary policy and discuss the ways in which these factors alter the economic environment and implicitly the monetary policy transmission mechanism. This is done by changing the way in which monetary transmission channels work and deliver monetary policy decisions throughout the economy, with the final goal of producing central bank desired outcomes with regard to economic variables like inflation, employment, or the production level. We will begin this article with a brief introduction on the topic of monetary policy, the monetary policy transmission mechanism and the potential external factors that may influence the monetary policy and the functioning of its transmission mechanism. The main external factors are identified as linked to fiscal policy, commodity prices, financial market volatility or other globalization related processes. After this introduction, we will proceed with the analysis of the nature and influences of each of the above mentioned external factors on monetary policy and its transmission, indentifying the potential ways in which they can change the structure and internal processes of the transmission channels. As we will see in the study and highlight in our conclusion, the external factors cause decisive changes in the way monetary policy is transmitted, and thus will strongly influence the decisions that central banks take in order to alter key economic variables. The profound understanding of how these non-central bank controlled factors influence the monetary policy transmission mechanism is a key requirement for central banks, as only by being able to predict, recognize and evaluate the effects of current or future external factors can they succeed in reaching their monetary policy objectives.

We have developed a monetary and financial simulation model based on five adapted bank valuation models.  Each of them estimate the intrinsic values of the five main financial institutions of the Brazilian banking sector: Itaú/Unibanco, Banco do Brasil, Bradesco, Santander and BTG Pactual.  Analyzed period goes from the fourth quarter of 2011 to the third quarter of 2020. Initially, we consolidated the financial statements of these banks. Then, we projected the aggregated sources/uses table three quarters ahead and discounted it for the fourth quarter of 2020, according to the five valuation models most researched by fundamentalist analysts. After this, we calculated the elasticities of the intrinsic value of the banking sector, as a whole, in relation to the changes in Brazil's basic interest rate (SELIC rate, defined by Central Bank of Brazil). Finally, we did some simulations using this new approach to transmission mechanism analysis. This approach, in short, try to complement the traditional analysis of the transmission mechanism by the asset price channel. We propose another alternative: the channel of the intrinsic value of the assets. Although the analysis of the effect of interest policy on the price of assets is relevant, we have tried to show that valuation techniques can also contribute to the debate over the channels of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy. The results show that the impact of these changes on the banking sector does not tend to negatively affect their intrinsic values. Indeed, in most situations, banks increase their intrinsic value with lower base interest rates. They also lose very little intrinsic value when interest rates rise. This explains why Brazilian investors usually buy bank’s stocks as a way to protect themselves against rising interest rates. These results also help to demystify the erroneous notion that the main Brazilian banks prefer a macroeconomic environment with high basic interest rates. This, in a way, contradicts what some economists in Brazil have said in recent decades.

This study examines the various channels of monetary policy transmission mechanism in Indonesia. The interest rate, exchange rate, asset price and credit channels will be analysed using a VAR short-run restriction model for quarterly data, ranging from 2000Q1 to 2018Q1. The results show that the interest rate (cost of capital) channel is the most effective channel of monetary transmission in stabilising output and price level. Meanwhile, the exchange rate and asset price are the least effective channels of monetary policy, which operate via trade pass-through and Tobin’s q asset valuation channel. The credit channel is also found to be weak in controlling the price level.

The theoretical – intuitive analysis applied to the segment of monetary transmission evidences the fact that forming the traditional monetary impulses transmission channels are in a starting phase due to the long financial non – intermediary process which Romanian economy had known. In these conditions, the exchange rate channel, and also NBR currency purchases was, for a long time, an

This paper addresses the subject of the monetary policy transmission mechanism by focusing on the asset price channel, which is the monetary transmission channel responsible for the propagation of the effects induced by the monetary policy decisions made by the central bank that affect the price of assets. We will analyze the asset price channel by taking a close look at its structure, internal processes and the way it delivers monetary policy throughout the economy, ultimately influencing key variables such as the unemployment rate and the levels of consumption and production. After an introduction dealing with the entire monetary transmission mechanism, its role and purposes, we will focus on the particularities of the asset price channel and the two main ways in which it delivers monetary policy decision effects: through changes in Tobin’s q value, which is the ratio between the market value of a given company and its replacement cost of capital, and through the effect of wealth, both of financial and housing nature, on consumption. In our study, we will consider theoretical aspects and observations, but also empirical evidence that highlights that the exact way in which the asset price channel functions may differ from one economy to another due to differences in the structures of the respective economies and differences in psychology and cultural values of consumers. The deep understanding of the asset price transmission channel is very important for any central bank, as this is the channel that governs key aspects of monetary policy transmission linked to the market value of assets and individual wealth. These values have, as we will see in more detail throughout the paper, an important impact on both consumption and investment, two economic actions that can help the economy, but can also prove to be a crucial element in starting and perpetuating an economic crisis.