Munsell

Fruit peel coloring is one of the most important measures of commercial values in various citrus fruits. It is well documented that a gaseous plant hormone, ethylene, regulates the peel color changes associated with fruit ripening. To handle the peel color quality, it is necessary to develop a universal measure of ethylene-directed color changes. Here, we proposed a novel colorimetric formula: y* = [ (L* n • max-L* t) 2 + (a* n • max-a* t) 2 + (b* n • max-b* t) 2 ] 1/2 (y* > 0), based the CIE 1976 L*a*b* colour space units, which reflect the wholistic changes in fruit color. Since all known colorimetric values are specialized for estimation of the changes in certain single pigment, our formula may be useful for assessing the total fruit color development in a controlled atmosphere.

Studies handling the lights and the colors as key components of computation attracted the scientists and engineers since these studies are potentially applicable to the signal processing through optical interconnections between electronic devices. Here, a novel optical computing model is proposed by modifying the known optical parallel logic gates, after employing the printed colors as the input/output data, instead of shadowgram images projected on a screen. The proposed approach allows spontaneous and parallel Boolean operations by simply overlaying the colors printed on films or duplicating the prints on papers. By setting a limited number of color prototypes with known CIELAB color coordinates, prediction of color changes due to duplicated color printing and/or film-on-paper overlaying of the printed colors was performed through Boolean “AND” operation and their experimental confirmation after actual color reading was also performed. Furthermore, possible applications of this CIELAB-coded printable logic gate system in natural computing and development of novel color barcodes were discussed.

In the last two decades, a number of researchers have been engaged in the study of natural computing systems that employ physical, chemical, and biological properties as direct media for manifesting computations. Among such attempts, studies focusing on the use of lights as key computation components in particular have attracted the attention of researchers and engineers, since these studies are potentially applicable to signal processing through optical intercon-nections between electronic devices. Our research team has recently been engaged in the study of a novel color-based natural computing model. Our recent works included using CIELAB-coded colors on printed-paper to compute Boolean conjunctions (AND operations). In this study, we performed Boolean operations based on CIELAB-coded colors by placing color-printed films over aluminum-coated reflectors with and/or without color. The results of the operations were gathered by testing the color codes printed on the films for negation or highlighting. This type of CIELAB-based color computing has a wide range of potential applications, such as a method for security or access control to secured systems. Such applications could match paired color keys on which the arrays of color codes could be printed and optically computed.

Introduction
Soil survey, due to the complexity of collected information is a time loosing activity with high costs. Besides the survey, soil sample analysis are also costly. This high survey and analytical costs may be reduced by the adoption of new instruments as spectroradiometers. Materials & methods
Survey of Mugan Valley, Azerbaijan was carried out in the last years by Institute of Soil Science and Agro-chemistry of The National Academy of Science of Azerbaijan, Genesis, geography and soils mapping.
A related database was set up adopting the one freely available at the internet site of National Center for Soil Mapping, Italy (CREA-ABP). Soil observations, analyzed and geo-referenced have been digitalized. Sampling and analytical procedures were performed in accordance with national and international standards. The field observation  method was conducted to ISIS (L’Abate et al., 2013) and with the relative methodology (Costantini et al., 2007). Every genetic horizon were sampled and air dried.
In total 194 soil samples, out of 46 mini-pits have been collected and analyzed to determine pH, carbonates, texture, and Electric Conductibility with standard analytical procedures. Both wet and dry bare soil samples, and dry sieved samples were scanned with an ASD FieldSpec 3 spectroradiometer (350 to 2500 nm with a step of 1 nm) to set up a soil signatures digital library with a total of 1164 signatures.
The library was than used to:
1) perform a munsell color conversion model on colorimetry data
2) orientate the selection of significant samples to be analyze
The colorimetry model
The adopted scanning procedure was saving a 20 measure scan and repeating scanning up to 3 times. The best result was choose for splice correction using the ASD software VieSpecPro. Colorimetry data have been than exported to text files (CIE, 1964 illuminate D65: X, Y, Z, x, y,u', v'). The color conversion was performed adopting the Virtual Colour Atlas software (v. 2.1.0730) on CIE X, Y, Z data of the raw dry samples. To attribute the nearest Munsell soil colour the Atlas Sample CMC function was selected. Results have been compared with the manual attribution with Munsell soil colour charts.
The samples selection model
To perform the best reduced dataset to be further investigated on Organic Carbon and Nitrogen content, the signatures of the sieved dry samples were selected. K-mean Spectral analyses was performed both on different genetic horizons (A, B, C) and on the whole dataset.  The two analyses allowed us to determine two different datasets with, respectively 60 and 45 samples with a total of 103 selected samples. Out of the unselected samples were randomly selected 45 to use in the validation procedure of prediction. Four different calibrations were performed both on the two datasets, on their sum of 103 signatures, and on the whole datasets that included 149 samples. Prediction models were produced for Carbonates content and Electric Conductibility.
The Learned lesson
The colorimetry performed model highlighted several aspects of adopting colorimetry data: on one side the Munsell Hue determination seam to be consistent while the Munsell Value appears overestimated for the class 2 and the Chroma generally underestimated. The automatic attribution of Munsell color reduces the survey time and consequently positively impacts on the relatives costs but, on the other side, must be considered the higher uncertainty of modeled data.
The samples selection model highlighted that it is possible to reduce the calibration dataset maintaining relatively good results on prediction models.
References
Costantini, E.A.C.; Fantappiè, M.; L’Abate, G. (2007) Linee guida dei metodi di rilevamento e informatizzazione dei dati pedologici
L’Abate, G.; Allegri, G.; Barbera, R.; Bruno, R.; Fargetta, M.; Costantini, E.A.C. (2013) The ISIS webgis application for online Italian soil data consultation. EFITA conference, Turin, 24th-26th June, 2013 8 pp.
Virtual Colour Systems. VirtualAtlas Virtual Colour Atlas. Online: http://www.vcsconsulting.co.uk/VirtualAtlas.htm

Color is one of the most useful and attractive characteristics of light applicable to optical science and the related industries. In recent decades, a number of studies focusing on the use of light as a key component of computation have attracted considerable attention from researchers and engineers because these studies are potentially applicable to signal processing through optical interconnections between electronic devices. Such studies include the optical parallel logic gates proposed by a Japanese research group, allowing spontaneous and parallel computing with spatial coding using lights, simply by overlaying a pair of shadowgram images. For computational handling of the colors visible to human eyes, Commission Internationale de l'Eclairge has defined CIE 1976 color space (CIELAB). The author has been engaged in the development of CIELAB-based printable and computable color codes possibly used for novel optical logic gate system as one of natural computing approaches. In the present study, by employing the pairs of CIELAB-coded-printed transparent films overlaid, a Boolean operation for the crossing (conjugation) of 2-by-2 color matrices based on the scanning of CIELAB values was demonstrated. This approach is still primitive but might be a significant step for manifesting the array-based processing of colors representing print-preserved and digitalized information .