Oralism

This work aims to review our present scientific knowledge of the Cyclic Thebais, a Greek epic poem of the archaic Age, ascribed in the sources to Homer.
The first part of the investigation (Introduction) defines the objectives, considers some previous methodological questions, and traces the structure of the work. This structure has two consecutive steps: the reconstruction of the Thebais, and the confrontation of the poem with Iliad and Odyssey, the works that the tradition has considered Homer's canonical writings.
Chapter II (The evidence of Thebais: materials and testimonia ) displays an edition of the Thebais  fragments; seeks to determine the contents of the poem by opposing them to those of the other writings in the Theban epic cycle (Epigonoi, Expedition of Amphiaraos ); and discusses the authorship and probable date of the poem, two typical questions of traditional philology.
Chapter III (The evidence of Thebais: reconstruction of the poem ) examines the very few remnants of the poem which have been preserved through time until our days. These fragments are taken as starting point to recreate the form that the myth of Oedipus and his sons could have had in Thebais. This section also considers, as far as it is achievable, the possible structure of the epos.
Chapter IV (The artistic evidence in Thebais' theme ) integrates in the analysis of Thebais the archaic iconographical evidence, which reproduces in a plastic form the myth verbally developed by our epopee.
The main aim of this investigation, the comparison between Thebais and Iliad-Odyssey , is properly unfolded in Chapter V (Thebais' thematic in Iliad and Odyssey ). We consider here the references to the Theban saga included in the two canonical poems. We also consider those cases in which it is feasible to conjecture that the Iliad  reelaborates Theban narrative contents (It is harder to make this consideration with reference to the Odyssey , since the surviving evidence is very limited).
Chapter VI (Synthesis ) presents three fundamental conclusions:
1) The Cyclic Thebais  can rightly be considered an homeric work, since the expression "Homer" must have been originally not a personal name, but a generic appelation that became in time a quality seal for epic works.
2)The Iliad  (and with less certitude the Odyssey ) presupposes of its audience knowledge of the Thebais, poem from which the canonical work seems to borrow some narrative motives.
3)The Thebais must have been composed orally in the archaic Age, before the Iliad. Thebais'  text must have been transmited orally during an uncertain period of time, without experimenting macro-structural changes. There are enough arguments to suppose that Thebais was written down during the first years of VI B.C.. It must have occured in the Peloponnesos, and in the delphic orbit of influence. Some reasons also suggest that there is a direct relation between the Thebais' setting in writing and the foundation of Nemea Games, in 573 b.C.
This investigation is closed by two appendixes: the first, on literary sources about Thebais' thematic, and an analogous second one, containing iconographical sources of the archaic age.

Les études sur l’histoire des langues des signes (LS) se concentrent sur le XIXe siècle, lorsque l’instruction s’est généralisée en Occident et que se développait celle des sourds. Les diverses institutions spécialisées, rassemblant les jeunes sourds, ont favorisé le développement des LS. La remise en cause de ces institutions, assimilées à des ghettos qui ne préparent pas l’intégration sociale et ne remplissent pas la mission d’instruction attendue, amplifie celle des LS, ciblées dès le début par les tenants de méthodes orales. À leur tour, ces dernières, s’imposant de la fin du XIXe siècle aux années 1980, sont accusées d’empêcher les sourds de s’approprier naturellement une langue, d’en faire des illettrés en difficulté d’insertion sociale et d’alimenter leur mal être. L’écho récurrent, à plus de cent cinquante ans d’écart, d’un questionnement qui ne cesse pas entre LS ou oral, diversité des méthodes d’enseignement ou exclusivisme, instituts spécialisés ou intégration-inclusion, montre que le sujet est plus complexe que ne le pose en prémisse la focalisation sur l’un ou l’autre de ces paramètres. Une diversité et une souplesse revendiquées dès le XIXe siècle.

Artikulu honen helburua bat-bateko bertsolaritzaren funtsezko ezaugarriak identifikatzea da. Autore askok herri-literaturatzat sailkatu izan dute, baina egun orokortasun horrek mesede baino traba gehiago egiten dio bertsolaritzaren ikerketan sakondu nahi duenari. Literatura idatzitik datozen eskemak murriztaileak direnez, bere joko arauen neurrira egindako jantzi teoriko bat osatzeko teoria oralistetara joko da artikulu honetan.

The main goal of this article is to identify the fundamental characteristics of bertsolarism. Many authors have described it as popular literature, but this generalization is an obstacle for those who want to go deeper into their research. Schemes derived from written literature do not provide enough guidelines to approach the issue, so in order to build an adequate theoretical framework, this article will resort to contributions made from the oralist theories.

The impact of language deprivation on Deaf children is well documented. The vast majority of Deaf children are born into hearing families, and just a smattering of hearing parents of Deaf children in Michigan learn sign language. They have been ill-advised from medical professionals and state officials to with-hold language from their Deaf children until a point when they can be subjected to invasive head surgery . As months (years?) go by, Deaf children face linguistic, cognitive, and social setbacks that last a lifetime. LEAD-K legislation ensures that parents have access to accurate and complete information about language learning in Deaf children, and establishes measurements for language development of Deaf children in Michigan. My testimony was entered into the record in support of proposed LEAD-K legislation in Michigan.