Padding

The purpose of the study is to test the hypothesis that potential for the head injury to child occupants is reduced with energy absorbing foam in a rear facing restraint system. However, the child restraint is effective only if advanced protective features are incorporated. One of the protective features is the energy absorbing padding on the side wings of the child seat wherein the child would interact during the crash. A hybrid computer model of the child restraint system was developed using the commercially available MADYMO and LS-DYNA software. A rear facing child seat in the rear compartment of the vehicle was simulated. The 9 months old anthropometric  dummy was modeled. The dummy was restrained in the child seat and the child seat was restrained using the lap and shoulder harness. Two computer models with and without the padding on the side wing were simulated. The input included the acceleration at the center of gravity of the vehicle and the door intrusion into the vehicular interior and the child restraint system. Results indicate that the lack of padding allowed the child seat with no exposure to outside environment. The head injury parameters (Head Injury Criteria and Angular Acceleration) were reduced two to three times due to padding on the extended side wing. The present study is an additional step towards a better understanding of the injury biomechanics of pediatric population involved in motor vehicles crashes.

A dress form is an essential tool in the clothing-making process for pattern block development, draping and quality inspection. However, it is noted that a single dress form is not applicable for a large variety of body shapes. Adjustable dress forms are readily available and some make their own custom-made dress forms in an attempt to make up for the insufficiency of conventional dress forms. However, such types of dress forms are rather costly and their effectiveness is debatable. With this is mind, a customised adjustable kit for the dress form was developed, with the aim to cover different body sizes and shapes more precisely. The kit adopts 3D printing technology which enables generating and changing the shape of components efficiently.

This paper considers and explains the 1975 projected and 1990 actual Safety and Fuel Economy of Small cars and characterizes for 1996 and 2001 reasonably modified regulations which would result in improvements consistent with industry potential and consumer demands for the safety and fuel economy of various size cars, with practical modifications to current vehicles. An estimate of the resulting, reduction of casualties and improvement in fuel economy is provided.
In 1975 NHTSA's Research Safet Vehicle (RSV) Program established the analytical framework for assessing present and future auto safety gains. The 1975-1980 Minicars RSV and Large Research Safety Vehicle (LRSV) program established a baseline for quantifying the effects on injuries and fatalities of design alternatives applied to current 1990 cars for future production.
Estimates are coupled with recent and more sophisticated accident data, the results of the later RSV prototypr design Phase, published safety studies in the intervening period, recent regulatory implementations, manufacturer's confidential design efforts and production of safey improvements, and some 200 detailed severe injury accident investigations of the past seven years.
The results indicate that with modest achievable regulatory changes (FMVSS 208 frontal and 45* angled 35 mph barrier impact, the S8.3 rollover and a 40 MPG CAFE), vehicular fatalities and injuries will continue to decline, the disparity between small and large car and light truck safety can be ameliorated, while manufacturer's simultaneously improve fuel economy 40% by 2001.

The Research Safety Vehicle (RSV) Phase I accident analysis was upgraded to more accurately reflect the real-world distribution of injuries and accident modes by velocity. This analysis was accomplished by revising the accident file correction used in Phase I to be more representative of larger files that, in turn, were corrected to represent the total number of annual real-world U.S. accidents and fatalities. From these files, detailed examination identified the velocities and modes contributing most of the societal costs of accidents.
The results of the analysis have more specifically identified the crashworthiness and injury reduction goals of the  Minicars RSV program. These goals, in turn, have led to recommended test matrices for the Phase IV efforts.

The dye extracted from palas flower petals has been used on cotton fabric and a comparative study is carried out for conventional exhaust dyeing against the pad dyeing. For these two methods, combination of experiments has been conducted for three typical mordanting methods with four different mordants. In conventional dyeing method, at three different temperatures (60˚, 80˚ and 100˚C), more uneven dyeing is observed. Hence, to overcome this problem, padding method is tried for 5, 15 and 30 min steaming time. The K/S values show that, 80˚C is the optimum temperature for exhaust method, while for padding method, 15 min is the optimum time of steaming. Out of all experiment combinations, ferrous sulfate with pre-mordanting method gives excellent depth of shade. K/S value for the conventional exhaust dyeing is 7.45, while it is 9.15 for padding with significantly improved fastness ratings as compared to conventional technique. Thus, it is inferred that the innovative padding method is ...