Paideuma

L'esclave (« akos ») au royaume de Kom representait une categorie sociale de transition au statut ephemere. Pris lors des raids, il pouvait etre assigne au lignage du maitre et ne souffrait pas de fortes discriminations meme s'il ne participait ni aux institutions rituelles ou gouvernementales. « Article » important dans le commerce, son prix variait selon l'âge et le sexe. Bien que l'administration coloniale allemande condamnait l'esclavage, elle le pratiquait sous une autre forme

The pre-colonial Grassfields tribes were an agglomeration of mini-states, most of which were constituted and enlarged through conquest. Some had a minimum population of about 300 and others, especially the major chiefdoms, had a population of over six thousand at the time of colonial penetration (Chilver and Kaberry 1967: 123ff). The latter established themselves in their present sites most probably in the later part of the 18th century. These include the major chiefdoms of Kom, Nso, Bafut and Bali. These, in their own ways, consolidated them selves and increased their territorial limits through conquest and the incorporation of smaller groups. The kingdom of Kom whose dynastic lineages reached their present site by the middle of the 18th century, succeeded in the years following its establishment in subduing some smaller groups, and made its military hegemony a force to be reckoned with, a factor which motivat ed other smaller groups to seek its protection from other harassing groups (cf Chilver and Kaberry 1967; Nkwi 1976). The kingdom of Nso seemed not to have had much difficulties in affirming its authority over other minor groups; it destroyed completely the chiefdom of Nkar and imposed its language and culture upon it (Kaberry 1959: 366—367). Bafut consoli dated its authority by engulfing some smaller groups, too (Ritzenthaler 1962: 13). Bali, as the strongest state in the south-western sector of the Grassfields established its hegemony over a number of villages both before and during the period of German administration.1 Besides these major chiefdoms, there were others varying in size, population and authority. These were either completey autonomous or they were units within a federation. They en joyed some measure of prestige in the eyes of the paramount chiefs. They maintained their autonomy and good relations with the more powerful chiefs. An attempt was made by the imperial government not only to accept this distinction but also to give it a further stratifi cation. All chiefs who had a high degree of prestige, social integration, and large areas of in I In 1949 when the native authorities were being grouped into four federations, tribes of the south western federation refused to federate with Bali. This was largely due to the role Bali played in the suppression of these populations before and after the arrival of the Germans in the area.

Page 1. Patdeuma 49:179-205 (2003) DIE GANGART DER REFLEXION Uberlegungen zum Verhàltnis von Tradition und Moderne im balinesischen Legong Annette Hornbacher I. Die postmoderne Krise ethnographischer Representation hat auch 16 Jahre nach «Wri-...

... to index the moment when the day-night (through the day into the night) is folding into the night-day (through the night into the day), as the nocturnal travels into the diurnal, the new day of personal ... would be a more systemic position, like that outlined by Gregory Bateson (1972). ...

Drawings produced by Guarani children and young adults in Southern Brazil at the turn of the millennium suggest that the Land-without-Evil can be a mundane reality. The barren, infertile reservation land is transformed, in the hands of young Tupi-speaking artists, into a lush and thriving territory, covered with plentiful vegetable gardens and rich hunting grounds. The immediacy of the cities’ dumpsites, banana farms and cemeteries, where the Guarani search for scraps of food, work as cheap peons, and lay to rest prematurely are smothered out of the portraits. Sickly, famished children of the largest (30,000) indigenous group in Brazil materialize as Guarani “xondaro“--warriors whose bodies have achieved the immortal essence of the mythic paradise. The aesthetic quality of small-scale representations of Guarani social life draws its value from the dimensions of a changing world the youngsters are trying to create and convey through the work of art. While adults believe severe hunger and scarcity are necessary conditions for the passage to the Land-without-Evil, the younger generation proposes concrete changes in collective behavior, including the acceptance of the comforts of sedentary agricultural life. If the sacred spoken word, vital to the Guarani body-self, has not transmitted to an insensitive Brazilian society the dramatic effects of persistent poverty and violence, the youngsters hope visual signs of an idealized and poetic world might help educate the public about their current aspirations.

La chute du califat de Sokoto est en partie due aux faiblesses internes propres au systeme : problemes politiques et socioeconomiques que le « jihad » devait resoudre, un different entre la politique et la pratique de la formation sociale, opposition du mahdisme et de Jibrilla Gaini conflits de succession, etc.

The pre-colonial Grassfields tribes were an agglomeration of mini-states, most of which were constituted and enlarged through conquest. Some had a minimum population of about 300 and others, especially the major chiefdoms, had a population of over six thousand at the time of colonial penetration (Chilver and Kaberry 1967: 123ff). The latter established themselves in their present sites most probably in the later part of the 18th century. These include the major chiefdoms of Kom, Nso, Bafut and Bali. These, in their own ways, consolidated them selves and increased their territorial limits through conquest and the incorporation of smaller groups. The kingdom of Kom whose dynastic lineages reached their present site by the middle of the 18th century, succeeded in the years following its establishment in subduing some smaller groups, and made its military hegemony a force to be reckoned with, a factor which motivat ed other smaller groups to seek its protection from other harassing grou...

... A Brief Historical Overview", Ilmu Masyara-kat 4:67-69 ... and Anthropology and the State in Malaysia", Minpaku Anthropological Newsletter 1(1) :5-6 1996a "Nations-of-Intent in Malaysia", in: Stein Tonnesson, and Hans Antloev (eds.), Asian Forms of the Nation, 323-347. ...

L'A. presente des dessins de jeunes Amerindiens guarani du Bresil : plusieurs dessins realises en 1999/2000 par trois artistes du groupe Mbya vivant a Teko Wy'a Pyau (Territoire indigene d'Itaoca, municipalite de Mangagua, Etat de Sao Paulo) ; un dessin realise en 1950 par une jeune femme du groupe Kaiowa (Territoire indigene de Panambi, Etat du Mato Grosso). Deux situations politiques differentes caracterisent les epoques respectives de la realisation de ces dessins. Les illustrations representent deux manieres distinctes mais complementaires de penser le present et d'envisager et de planifier un futur idealise et poetique. La complexite de ces dessins apparait a travers une analyse qui revele le contexte politique et economique dans lequel la cosmologie guarani contemporaine est reconstruite. La critique que font les artistes de la societe humaine transforme le futur dans le present, mettant en perspective les changements majeurs dans les comportements collectifs, ...

Discourses on autochthony, ie on a proclaimed'original'link between a territory and a group, are embedded in often ambivalent and contested discursive fields of inclusion and exclusion. This paper shows how notions of autochthony within one section of a society ...