Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The study of regulating activity of the synthetic low molecular weight heterocyclic compounds, pyrimidine derivatives on germination of seeds and growth of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants cultivar L35/11 middle stalwart bewhiskered was conducted. It was found that the use of pyrimidine derivatives at a concentration of 10-8M in water solution had a positive effect on the growth and development of both shoot and root systems of plants during plant vegetation. The comparative analysis of growth regulating activity of the synthetic compounds showed that the activity of pyrimidine derivatives depended on the substituents in their chemical structure. The highest growth regulating activity revealed the compounds derivatives of dihydroimidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine. The application of pyrimidine derivatives as new effective regulators of growth and development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants cultivar L35/11 middle stalwart bewhiskered was proposed.
Key words: pea (Pisum sativum L.), auxins, pyrimidine derivatives, plant
growth regulators.

Production of vegetables under agroforestry system says that it is a good alternative especially under limited resources. This study was undertaken to find out the possibility of growing pea with highly adaptable two tree species; the Egyptian river hemp (Sesbania sesban) and white lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala) under two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. The results indicated that plant fresh and dry weights of pea were significantly affected with alley cropping treatments. Moreover, pea allied with Sesbania+1/2 recommended dose (RD) of N produced the heaviest plant fresh and dry weight. While, sole pea plants inoculated with Rhizobium treatment followed by pea allied with Sesbania+1/2 RD gave the highest number of main branches. Alley cropping system with Sesbania or Leucaena+1/2RD showed the best result for the total nitrogen %. Treatment with Rhizobium followed by growing with Sesbania+1/2 RD produced the highest N uptake values. On the other hand, pea with Sesbania+1/2 RD gave the highest % of K uptake. For nodulation status, alley cropping system of pea with Sesbania and Leucaena plus half of nitrogen RD significantly increased the pea fresh and dry nodules weight as well as the number of nodules compared to the other treatments. Thus, it appears that alley cropping system has great benefits on peas but still moderate N fertilization is the key factor in defining the productivity and sustainability of the production in Aswan, Egypt.

An actual problem for the modern agrarian sector is the development of new growth regulators for important agricultural crop – pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivated in different countries around the world. Currently, the growth regulators of natural
and synthetic origin are widely used in the agriculture to improve the growth and development of pea plants during the vegetation period and increase their yield. However, the great theoretical and practical interest is the elaboration of new ecologically safe plant growth regulators created on the base of low molecular weight five and six-membered heterocyclic compounds which are known to be used as a herbicides and plant growth regulating substances. The main aim of our work was to study the stimulating effect of low molecular weight heterocyclic compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine synthesized at the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, on growth and development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar L35/11 middle stalwart bewhiskered
during the vegetative period. It was found that the biometric indices of 21-day-old pea seedlings grown on water solution of chemical compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine used at the concentration 10–8 M exceeded the biometric indices of control
plants grown on distilled water in average: at the 13–24 % – by the length of the main root, and at the 12–37 % – by total number of roots. The highest growth stimulating activity revealed the chemical compounds, derivatives of dihydroimidazo[
1,2-c]pyrimidine, their activity was differentiated depending on the substituents in their chemical structure. Obviously, that the high growth regulating activity of the investigated chemical compounds, derivatives of pyrimidine is explained by
their auxin-like and cytokinin-like stimulating action on the plant cell enlargement, proliferation and differentiation, which are the main processes of plant growth and development. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of the application in the agricultural practice of derivatives of pyrimidine used at the concentration 10–8 M to improve the growth and development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar L35/11 middle stalwart bewhiskered during the vegetation period.

An experiment on genetic evaluation of five genotypes of forage pea (Glyans, Svit, Kamerton, Modus, Pleven 4) was conducted during 2012-2014 period. Analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes for the traits pod width, seeds per plant, seed weight per plant and 1000 seed weight. The estimates of genetic parameters of five varieties of Pisum sativum L. indicated a good amount of genetic variation in the experimental materials under investigation. Moderate phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for most of traits except pod length and pod width. For the traits studied seeds per plant, seed weight per plant and plant height were found high heritability along with high genetic gain indicating preponderance of additive effects. Therefore, selection programme based on these characters would be more effective in improving yield parameters of forage pea. The seed yield was positively and significantly correlated with 1000 seed weight and pod stem, which suggested the possibilities of improving seed yield by simultaneous improvement of these traits.

An experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, during November 2011 to March 2012 to study the multivariate analysis for yield and its contributing traits of 46 genotypes of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) through principal component analysis and Mohalanobis D 2 analysis. Analysis of variance indicated that considerable genetic variability was existed among the 46 genotypes. On the basis of D 2 analysis, the genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters. Cluster II had the maximum number of 13 genotypes, while the cluster III had only 4 genotypes and cluster V had only 7 genotypes. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and IV (13.955), while the lowest in the cluster II and IV (3.688). The intra cluster distance was the maximum in cluster III (1.365) and minimum in cluster V (0.843). The characters: days to first flowering, days of 50% flowering, plant height and branches per plant, were found prominent towards the genetic divergence. From the results it can be concluded that the following genotypes: G17 (BD-4153), G9 (BD-4144), G25 (BD-4165), G29 (BD-4169), G34 (BD-4175), G36 (BD-4177), G44 (BD-7217) were identified as potential genotypes for higher seed yield in garden pea through hybridization.

Pedigree selection method for three pea (Pisum sativum L.) populations i.e. Palmoral x Jaguar (population I), Master-B x Little Marvel (population II) and Master-B x Jaguar (population III) were applied on the base populations (F3) to F6 generation across three selection cycles during four successive winter seasons from Results illustrated highly significant differences among the families for all studied traits in all selection cycles. Both PJ-1 and PJ-6 developing pea lines, possessed the highest for pod yield / feddan, number of pods / plant and plant height as well as each of pod length, number of seeds/ pod and pod weight for PJ-1 line and both surpassed the highest check cultivars, Entesar 1 and Entesar 2. The pea line PL-28 have earliness for flowering and high values in each of pod length, number of seeds/ pod and pod weight with medium yield. Therefore, these lines are recommended as new cultivars. After three cycles of pedigree procedure increased the GCV/PCV% in number of seeds/pod, pod weight and seed yield /plant in pop I, pod weight in pop II and all traits in pop III except flowering and yield which slightly decreased from 91.3, 91.1 and 91 % after the first cycle to 90.4, 89.9 and 89.9% after the 3rd cycle of selection in flowering trait of Pop I, Pop II and Pop III, respectively, and from 85.1 and 87.4% in yield trait of pop II and Pop III, respectively

A field experiment was conducted to evaluation the garden pea (Pisumsati-vum L.) cvMaster Bresponse to the foliar application of carbon nanotube (CNT) or zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) during two consecutive winter seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018). CNT and ZnO NPs were sprayed three times at a week-intervals starting at thethree true-leaf stage. Three different doses were used (100, 150 and 200 ppm), in addition to, untreatedplants (control). Generally, the datarevealed that treated plants were superior to the control (untreated) onesin both seasons concerning total pod yield, total chlorophyll (µg/cm 2), 50% flowering (days), weight of 100-seed (g), average green-pod weight (g) and total number of green-pods per plant. The highest total pod yield/feddan was produced by the pea plants sprayed with ZnO NPs at concentration of 100 ppm. The second highest total pod yield/ feddanexhibited by plants sprayed with 150 ppm CNT. Stem length (cm), number of branches per plant, days to the first flower, green pod length (cm) and weight of dry seeds for the treated versus untreated plants exhibited inconsistent significance considering the two years. However, average number of seeds per pod was not significant in both years. It is concluded that CNT and ZnO NPs seem to hold a promise for enhancing pea crop productivity. Here, the total pod yield was elevated by as high as 190% relative to the untreated control.

This study was conducted to determine relationship between some wild pea accessions (Pisum fulvum L., P. abyssinicum L., P. sativum var. elatius), local varieties (P. sativum var. sativum L. and P. sativum var. arvense L.) and commercial varieties "Boogie" and "Rondo". The genetic diversity was evaluated with 14 simple sequence repeat markers and 50 morphological characters. The results of morphology indicated that, genotypes showed a clustering pattern based on the taxonomic groups when considering only flower characters and all morphological characters. During the molecular study, a total of 48 alleles were obtained. Used all primers showed polymorphism in accessions. The number of alleles varied between 2-6 among 14 SSR loci revealing the polymorphism level of markers. Similarity coefficient (Dice's) ranged from 0.100 to 0.800 with an average of 0.378. A dendrogram grouped the 15 genotypes into two main clusters. This information can be utilized for genetic analysis, genotype identification from different sources and development of improved germplasm. Introduction The taxonomic classification of Pisum based on karyology and morphology has varied over time. Despite the wide phenotypic and genetic variability, available classifications are still confusing (Korstein and Bogdanova 2008). Davis (1970), Kupicha (1981) recognized species as P. fulvum and P. sativum. P. abyssinicum was not considered as third presumed species by these authors. In addition to these assumptions, Vershinin et al. (2003) reported strong relationships among P. humile, P. elatius and P. sativum. These scientists also grouped the genus into three major classes: P. abyssinicum, P. fulvum and P. sativum-P. humile-P. elatius complex. Three species (P. abyssinicum, P. fulvum and P. sativum) were recognized with two subspecies ssp. sativum and ssp. elatius (Bieb.) by Maxted and Ambrose (2001) in a phylogenetic organization of taxa. According to the actual integrated taxonomic information system database, the Pisum genus has only two species: P. fulvum and P. sativum L. According to same data, the P. sativum L. species has five varieties: P. sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir. (Austrian winter pea), P. sativum var. elatius (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Alef., P. sativum var. macrocarpon Ser., P. sativum var. pumilio Meikle, P. sativum var. sativum L. (garden pea) (ITIS 2018). This study focused on examining the molecular and morphological features based on plant organs of the 15 Pisum accessions (wild peas, local varieties and commercial varieties). Results of the present study may ensure some beneficial information for the conservation and the use of these Pisum accessions in future breeding programs.