Planetary Science

Mars in unearthly, unchartered, unknown & yet attracts all of humanity. The hazards of the endeavor are overwhelmed by the hype & hope surrounding the enterprise. A variety of individuals, private companies, commercial firms and national space agencies are engrossed in efforts at landing & inhabiting Mars. However, these efforts are disjoint and there exists little or no coordination. The aspirations as also hazards are immense, the resources scarce & costly. Consequently, left ungoverned, the potential for conflict in space exploration is high. There exists a critical need to regulate and coordinate affairs in this area right now when the technologies and legislation are yet immature. This calls for a credible institutionalized governance structure. This paper proposes an expansion of the existing United Nations Office of Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) to take on the mantle of space exploration governance and to continue with incremental progressions later.

Planetar denken heißt, die Erde als Planeten ernst nehmen: vom Erdkern bis in den interplanetaren Raum, von der Nanosekunde bis zur Tiefenzeit, vom Elementarteilchen bis zur Erdmasse. Stehen Wechselwirkungen zwischen unserem Heimatplaneten und uns im Zentrum, nimmt ein planetares Wissensparadigma Gestalt an. Es geht einher mit der Relationierung menschlicher Existenz im Universum und der Relativierung der anthropozentrischen Sichtweise. So rücken Fragen der Bewohnbarkeit und Gastfreundschaft in den Vordergrund-und die Schaffung neuen Wissens bedeutet stets auch die Schaffung neuer Welten. Dieses Buch spricht alle mit dem Universum und dem Menschen befassten Wissenschaften an.

En este informe se plantea la contaminación atmosférica o del aire como un problema común a la sociedad y que va en aumento. En particular, se revisan programas y acciones llevadas a cabo por gobiernos o entes transnacionales para disminuir la incidencia de dicho problema. De igual forma se analizan los aspectos de mejora en marco del ámbito ambiental y sobre las consecuencias atmosféricas en la salud. De esta forma, se intenta dar una solución real con base en las investigaciones previamente revisadas. Por último se establece el proceso para la elaboración del informe y las herramientas utilizadas hasta llegar a este.

Planetary defense scientists frequently consider nuclear explosive devices (NEDs) among the suitable tools for deflection of an asteroid or comet that threatens to impact Earth, and absolutely necessary to stop one that is large or gives us only short warning. However, the development of any options in this direction has several negative implications for the nuclear non-proliferation regime and the global nuclear order as such. In his presentation, Michal Smetana critically unpacks the seemingly objective scientific rationality of nuclear deflection and discusses how the support for NED development de-stigmatizes technology that, similarly to the impact of a large asteroid or comet, also carries the risk of destroying human civilization with a non-zero probability. Humanity thus appears to be facing an existential dilemma: a necessary instrument of our security has the potential to wipe us out. Can we hope to resolve this? In the second half of his presentation, Smetana presents findings of his latest research into attitudes to nuclear weapons use, suggesting that the U.S. public is much more supportive of the use of nuclear weapons than previously assumed. Does this have implications for deciding planetary defense policy?

This paper presents a new environment to simulate close-proximity dynamics around rubble-pile asteroids. The code provides methods for modeling the aster-oid's gravity field and surface through granular dynamics. It implements state-of-the-art techniques to model both gravity and contact interaction between particles: 1) mutual gravity as either direct N2 or Barnes-Hut GPU-parallel octree and 2) contact dynamics with a soft-body (force-based, smooth dynamics), hard-body (constraint-based, non-smooth dynamics), or hybrid (constraint-based with compliance and damping) approach. A very relevant feature of the code is its ability to handle complex-shaped rigid bodies and their full 6D motion. Examples of spacecraft close-proximity scenarios and their numerical simulations are shown.

Via decrement of mass of planets, we can send the entire planets to far space orbital allocations. We can convert physical matter into energy, it can either get irradiated to outer space, get transmitted back to Earth's potential energy, get used as a self-propellant, or it can get used in a complex model of these systems; it decreases the mass of the planet. By conversion of the matter to energy, Earth will lose some mass that decreases the gravitational fields for Earth; the formulas of the current research are deduced to control the movements of the planets. Celestial bodies, like any other mechanical systems which follow, and are based on, the physical laws of mechanics and dynamical systems, follow these laws. So since the celestial object “A” exerts the “F” force on the celestial object “B”, the celestial object “B” exerts an interactive force “F” on the celestial object “A” also. All celestial objects exert gravitational influences on each other. Scientists believe, once upon a time, the Sun would be much hotter than what it is today. By that point, this high temperature leads to extinction of the entire existence of life on Earth. When the gravitational force changes, a space particle may either get departed from the other particle or come closer to the other particle.

Venus – A Young Earth
© John Ackerman
November 2017
Abstract
Overwhelming physical evidence has been present for thirty-seven years that Venus is a hot new planet, born from an impact on the solid, highly deuterated, methane gas hydrate Jupiter 6,000 years BP. Impacts of large bodies on Jupiter trigger enormous nuclear fusion explosions which eject the full range of atoms in their known relative abundances, forming the terrestrial planets. Due to the great heat of these explosive ejections the atoms are reduced to a plasma comprising electrons, protons and neutrons, from which similar abundances quickly reformed, but with the nuclear decay clocks of radioactive elements reset to zero, producing the primordial isotope ratios of argon and hydrogen found on proto-Venus.
Venus today demonstrates that the heavy elements quickly condensed to form what will become the mantle of a complete terrestrial planet. Its current circular orbit is the result of multiple close encounters with Mars and Earth, raising the Tharsis Bulge and the Himalayas, and on Venus uplifting Aphrodite and Ishtar Terra, which display no volcanic calderas. The interior is completely molten with a thin basalt layer less than two kilometers thick floating on top, evidenced by its lack of rotation. Proto-Venus’ enormous internal heat is manifested by raw incandescent lava, > 2000º C, lying in myriads of cracks in the surface, fleeting views of which by the Pioneer Venus Large Probe Infrared Radiometer produced high intensity erratic signals dismissed as window heater faults.
Up-welling vs down-welling radiation measurements from five independent Pioneer Venus probes all agree that proto-Venus is radiating 20 watts per square meter, 250 times more energy than the Earth. Integral to the cooling process, the primary transfer of heat from the surface to the lower cloud layer is accomplished by the high velocity jetting of sulfur gases from more than one million ‘small domes’ directly to 48 km altitude where S8 crystalizes in three forms comprising the lower cloud layer. This unique, 2 km thick, roiling, mixed-phase stratiform cloud layer is the most ubiquitous atmospheric feature on the planet. Sulfur compounds raining back onto the surface evaporate, controlling the surface temperature.
The massive lower atmosphere, primarily sulfur, SN, and CS, currently mistaken for CO2, capped by the lower cloud layer are the source of the high surface pressure, 92 bars. This layer will settle to the surface of the planet as it cools, adding to the existing mantle. The temperature and pressure immediately above the lower cloud layer are similar to those at the surface of the Earth. The volatile elements currently found above the lower cloud layer represent a tiny fraction of the total produced by the 6,000 year (BP) impact explosion on Jupiter, the remainder of which orbit invisibly in the inner solar system awaiting capture. These will form the lithosphere, crust, oceans, atmosphere, flora and fauna of a new terrestrial planet.
A relatively simple, inexpensive, mission to verify this hypothesis is proposed. Two probes, for redundancy, would be released from an orbiter (or even a flyby), each carrying visible light cameras which would photograph the surface of Venus once they descend below the opaque lower cloud layer and the red haze to ~30 km altitude, where temperature and pressure are not severe. Another camera would be used to photograph microscopic images of
Venus – A Young Earth 2 / 21 J Ackerman
sulfur crystals collected on cool glass plates as the probes fell through the lower cloud layer. The images would be transmitted to the bus and back to the Earth.

Preorder now at: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-value-of-science-in-space-exploration-9780190069063

The Value of Science in Space Exploration provides a rigorous assessment of the value of scientific knowledge and understanding in the context of contemporary space exploration. It argues that traditional spaceflight rationales are deficient, and that the strongest defense of spaceflight comes from its potential to produce intrinsically and instrumentally valuable knowledge and understanding. It engages with contemporary epistemology to articulate an account of the intrinsic value of scientific knowledge and understanding. It also parleys with recent work in science policy and social philosophy of science to characterize the instrumental value of scientific research, identifying space research as an effective generator of new knowledge and understanding.

These values found an ethical obligation to engage in scientific examination of the space environment. This obligation has important implications for major space policy discussions, including debates surrounding planetary protection policies, space resource exploitation, and human space settlement. Whereas planetary protection policies are currently employed to prevent biological contamination only of sites of interest in the search for extraterrestrial life, it contends that all sites of interest to space science ought to be protected. Meanwhile , space resource exploitation and human space settlement would result in extensive disruption or destruction of pristine space environments. The overall ethical value of these environments in the production of new knowledge and understanding is greater than their value as commercial or real commodities, and thus, exploitation and settlement of space should be avoided until the scientific community adequately understands these environments.

Planetary Defense is a complex problem, not well understood by policy makers and the general public. The recent Chelyabinsk incident in Russia created temporary international attention but has failed to effectively stimulate public action. The lack of long-term attention to cosmic hazards has resulted in limited funding to defend our planet. Hence, it is hard to realistically address this challenge and achieve the high test and operational readiness needed for an effective Planetary Defense strategy. To address this problem, we have created a set of recommendations for the development of a Planetary Defense Program, for the purpose of contributing to the protection of Earth from asteroids and comets. The SSP15 READI Project focused on threats for which there is only a short-term warning, specifically a warning of two years or less from detection of the object to impact. We have provided recommendations in five areas of Planetary Defense including detection and tracking, deflection techniques, global collaboration, outreach and education, and evacuation and recovery. We have applied this set of recommendations in a narrative scenario to make our report more impactful and engaging. We contrast optimistic and pessimistic outcomes for a comet threat, differing from each other in terms of the level of readiness achieved during the years leading up to the discovery of the threat. In our optimistic scenario, the deflection system has achieved high test and operational readiness. The world’s governments have realized the importance of being prepared against cosmic hazards and put in place all of the necessary measures for a successful defense, leading to a positive deflection of the comet. In contrast, in the pessimistic scenario no preparation is done before the detection, and the comet strikes a heavily populated area releasing energy equivalent to 80 times the most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated. The recommendations that we have identified in this report constitute a roadmap to avoid this horrible outcome, and we believe they should be taken seriously and swiftly implemented.

Laboratory astrophysics is the Rosetta Stone that enables astronomers to understand and interpret the distant cosmos. It provides the tools to interpret and guide astronomical observations and delivers the numbers needed to quantitatively model the processes taking place in space, providing a bridge between observers and modelers. IAU Symposium 350 was organized by the International Astronomical Union's Laboratory Astrophysics Commission (B5), and was the first topical symposium on laboratory astrophysics sponsored by the IAU. Active researchers in observational astronomy, space missions, experimental and theoretical laboratory astrophysics, and astrochemistry discuss the topics and challenges facing astronomy today. Five major topics are covered,
spanning from star- and planet-formation through stellar populations to extragalactic chemistry and dark matter. Within each topic, the main themes of
laboratory studies, astronomical observations, and theoretical modeling are explored, demonstrating the breadth and the plurality of disciplines engaged in the growing  eld of laboratory astrophysics.

I witnessed the reflection of the sun's light on Pluto on August 18, 2019, from Monterey Bay, and learned soon after that this same reflection was predicted to be visible the following day, from the opposite hemisphere. I want to find out all that I can about the Earth's visibility of Pluto, how it is possible that it reflected the sun's rays to the Earth, and how to define the reflected light from Pluto. I may delve into theories on light travel as I understand them through my research, and back up my understanding of the outer solar system with the theories surrounding the search for and discovery of Pluto. This will involve research into the first-hand account of the discovery of Pluto in the night sky in 1930 to apply the original theories of Pluto's existence to current day understanding of its orbit, research into how its atmosphere is composed according to representative theory and research over time in order to understand the nature of the reflected light, and the understanding of the composition of the solar system.

Link to this work can be found here: https://mpc.instructure.com/eportfolios/162

How do cultural and literary representations of radical “alterity” (Spivak) and emerging concepts of planetary space and time configure planetary subjects and process of “world-making” ? How do we understand, aesthetically and politically, alterity as a mode of subject formation or, paradoxically, a move towards new universals? This paper will specifically investigate the relationship between concepts of planetarity and micro-local and anachronistically national localities. The latter are frequently marked by the traumas of communist censorship, by militarized biopolitics of the Cold War, and by surveillance and repression, while, simultaneously experiencing a resurgence  of ancestral traditions and inter-ethnic violence. How, then, does planetary thinking negotiate micro-local transformations? How do these transformations contribute to, trouble, or obstruct the articulation of planetary “transgressiveness” and the making of a planetary imaginary?

Chapter 1. A special role of the alive on the Earth. A special role of man on the Earth. Chapter 2. A special role of mind on the Earth and in the Universe. E. Le Roy: Introduction of the concept of the "noosphere". Chapter 3. The conceptions of the founders of the doctrine of the noosphere, V.I. Vernadsky and P.T. de Chardin. Chapter 4. Theoretical Noospherology. "Natural" Trend: Ecological Approach. Chapter 5. (Theoretical Noospherology) "Natural" Trend: Naturally-Informational and Theologically-Teleological Approaches. Chapter 6. (Theoretical Noospherology) "Technocratic" Trend in the contemporary interpretations of the concept of the "noosphere ("Reductionist", Technologically-Informational Approaches and Hypothesis of "Technological Singularity"). Chapter 7. Practical Noospherology. "Ecological" and Hybrid" interpretations of the disciplines of Practical Noospherology. Chapter 8. (Practical Noospherology) Cybernetic interpretations of the disciplines of Practical Noospherology.

Upheaval Dome crater is a good example of how the earth looks like on a much larger scale.->This explains his remarkable name. Upheaval Dome is an impact structure, the deeply eroded bottom-most remnants of an impact crater, in Canyonlands National Parksouthwest of the city of Moab, Utah, in the United States. The crater is located in the Island in the Sky section of the park, and is approximately 42 miles (67 km) by vehicle from Moab.

In the book, questions of Earth's craters exploration and origin of tektites on our planet are brought up. It is shown that our knowledge in this field remains limited so far and demand revision of the data interpretation.
In the context of the Tunguska 1908 phenomenon, we suppose correlations between the Perm LLSVPs Anomaly and the explosion of paleovolcano in Siberia on 30 June 1908. We discuss magnetic pulsations in Kiel, Germany observed from 27 till 30 June 1908, a variation of gravitational constant during the solar eclipse on 28 June
1908, and the discrepancy of Moon longitude at the beginning of the 20th century. The non-typical registrations in Tasmania in the period of the Tunguska 1908 phenomenon and his connection with the Perm LLSVPs anomalies provide a highly probable solution to one of the greatest mysteries of the previous century.

For astro- and geophysicists and a wide range of readers who are interested in meteorites and planetology.

Due to the recently growing interest regarding the future colonization of Mars, an increasing number of plans have appeared in the last few years to fulfil the need for a safe habitat for the first Martian colonists. Numerous fanciful design ideas have been presented at competitions held by NASA and other space research organizations. However, our thorough investigation reveals that most designs suffer from shortcomings, and are either difficult to realize or do not meet the safety requirements of the Martian missions, for example, shielding against radiation or impacting particles, protection against decompression and freezing temperatures. After analysing the problems of safety and feasibility, we tried to design a habitat that is realizable-taking into account the cargo capacity of the spacecraft of the near future and the use of materials locally available on Mars. A further requirement for our design was that the pioneers' habitat should not be a tiny, prison-like lair, but a spacious, liveable and safe living area, which is suitable for continuous habitation. The frame of our design is an inflatable structure, which is supplied with the proper shielding and insulation by locally available materials. The special ventilation system and the large greenhouses of this habitat provide the colonists with food, oxygen and liveable space-and perhaps even rocket propellant materials.

The concept of a space elevator dates back to Tsilokovsky, but they are not commonly considered in near-term plans for space exploration, perhaps because a terrestrial elevator would not be possible without considerable improvements in tether material. A Lunar Space Elevator (LSE), however, can be built with current technology using commercially available tether polymers. This paper considers missions leading to infrastructure capable of shortening the time, lowering the cost and enhancing the capabilities of robotic and human explorers. These missions use planetary scale tethers, strings many thousands of kilometers long stabilized either by rotation or by gravitational gradients. These systems promise major reduction in transport costs versus chemical rockets, in a rapid timeframe, for a modest investment. Science will thus benefit as well as commercial activities.

"The Department of Planetary Geodesy constructs 3D models of planetary surfaces using data
obtained from space exploration missions. These models are then visualized for analysis. One
particular diculty in visualization is the enormous amount of information contained within these
models; cutting-edge algorithms are needed to produce a high-quality visualization in an ecient
manner. In this work, a planetary rendering engine was created to perform this task. The rendering
engine uses the chunked level of detail algorithm with out-of-core memory support to eectively
complete this task. This rendering engine contains a module for evaluating landing sites on space
bodies. This thesis contributes a generic way to derive and display information describing the
visibility of space objects, such as the Sun and Earth, from a landing site. The information can
then be used to deduce crucial facts about the availability of power generation and communication
at a landing site. This module can also be used to produce realistic panorama of a potential landing
site. All capabilities of this module are useful to inform decision makers when selecting a landing
site on an extraterrestrial body."

Recently, an exoplanetary system containing seven Earth-sized terrestrial planets, three of which orbit the central
M-dwarf star in its habitable zone, was discovered. Such systems may be common, as this type of star makes up
almost 80% of all stars. Based on a critical literature review, this paper defines the criteria for exoplanet habitability

and adopts the habitable zone criterion as the most basic one for use in absence of data and the novel Statistical-
likelihood Exo-Planetary Habitability Index as the presently most suited for assessing M-dwarf exoplanets. It further

describes the feasible methods employed for the detection of this type of exoplanets (the transit and radial velocity

method), provides an account of the environmental condition constraints imposed by their close orbit around an M-
dwarf star, and evaluates these conditions against those deemed suitable for the development and survival of life.

The details of the known and suspected population of exoplanets in the habitable zone of M-dwarf stars are then
compared to the adopted habitability criteria, and it is concluded that the frequency with which any such planets
can indeed be said to be habitable cannot currently be estimated due to the small sample size. The prospects of
further characterising this subset of exoplanets in the future, identifying them as habitable and possibly detecting
any bio-signatures are subsequently discussed. In order to accelerate the quest for habitable and inhabited
exoplanets, aggressive, focused searches and targeted studies directed at planets in the habitable zone of M-dwarf
stars are proposed.

While not "officially" part of "scientific" canon, "rarely has a scientific term moved so quickly into wide acceptance and general use" (Sklair 2017). The term is of course, the Anthropocene. With its genesis in natural sciences, Paul Crutzen and colleagues have argued (Steffen, Crutzen and McNeill 2007; Steffen et al. 2011) for rethinking humanity's relation to nature geologically, locating the pivotal moment of transformation with the Industrial Revolution, thereby emphasizing "the central role of mankind in geology and ecology" (Crutzen and Stoermer 2000/2010: n.p.). By contrast, the social sciences have questioned the emphasis on stratigraphic indicators and periodization in establishing this epoch's distinction from the Holocene. As such, the past decade has seen a wealth of theorizing on this topic in sociology, geography, and anthropology, locating the source of ecological destruction in Enlightenment paradigms rather than the steam engine (Tsing 2016). The literature abounds with cognates and critiques such as Capitalocene

The Bible, Homer and other myths were largely written down long after their inception, from memorable oral narratives composed by a type of author who was not a writer. Plato saved the number science implicit in oral works from extinction through including it in his own literary output. A number science can develop without a formal arithmetic through using only geometric procedures and these are to be found in the terminal Stone Age, famous for its enduring megalithic monuments. This paper illustrates the structure of this harmonic science as it is found within historical texts and monuments, whilst suggesting that the harmonic ratios between astronomical periods would most simply explain how our oldest myths were orally composed and performed cosmographies, skillfully woven around the invariant structure of numerical harmony and the sky, these being taken as responsible for creating and maintaining the world.

The King's Valley on Mars is proposed to contain strong evidence for artificiality. Here the different formations are considered in turn, to present a complete overview of the valley. This also provides an a priori prediction, that on reimaging these formations will appear more not less artificial. It is important to assert this ahead of time as a falsifiable hypothesis. In many cases the geology of the formations is also falsified, that natural explanations do not suffice to explain them. The sheer number of possible artifacts in 5 kilometers of this valley is also proposed to be highly unlikely to occur by chance.

The emergence of intelligence is likely a relatively recent phenomena throughout the cosmos. The total number of habitable extraterrestrial planets within the Milky Way capable of supporting advanced, intelligent life within the next 500 Myr is <5,162. Almost all of which are earth-like orbiting around a single star with mass ranges from 0.628 to 1 solar mass. No exomoons are capable of supporting advanced life, and a negligible number of low mass binary systems (<0.628 solar mass) are habitable. The nearest extraterrestrial industrial civilization lies at least 88.7 million light years away, and possibly 111 million light years beyond. No extraterrestrial civilization arises before 232.74 Mya within the observable universe, and no extraterrestrial civilization arises before 270.95 Mya within the universe by co-moving distance. Despite great distances between the nearest civilizations and the low probability of emergence within our vicinity, given the sheer size of the univers...

Visual displays are a formidable means of conveying information to the human brain. They facilitate the formation of scientific knowledge about the physical world, based on underlying observations of diverse kinds, through representations that are understood by practitioners of the relevant discipline area. Such data visualizations are critical in the geosciences given the need to draw meaning from time-varying, spatial or volumetric data, and given the increasing size of the datasets available for analysis of the natural, physical world.


The research described in this thesis aims to apply a novel set of technical resources to visualization in the geosciences. It draws on the immense potential of the human user for feature detection through connecting scientific data formats to computer graphics technologies. The software applications written in response to this opportunity therefore make strong use of interactivity in the reconnaissance exploration of example datasets. Throughout the research, a commitment to a well-posed visual display is developed, respecting underlying data values through the managed use of color and other graphic variables.


Following a review of the conceptual background, and the landscape of computer graphics technologies, the first original research chapter presents interactive software and workflows to visualize large geoscientific time-series datasets. It uses an animated interface and Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) to utilize the capacity of human expert observers to identify features via enhanced visual analytics. User-generated metadata allows subsets of the data to be tagged for subsequent closer investigation. The tool provides a rapid pre-pass process using fast GPU-based OpenGL graphics and data-handling. It makes use of interoperable data formats, and cloud-based (or local) data storage and computation. In a case study, the software was used to characterize a decade (2000–2009) of data recorded by the Cape Sorell Waverider Buoy, located approximately 10 km off the West coast of Tasmania, Australia. These data serve as a proxy for the understanding of Southern Ocean storminess, which has both local and global implications. Four different types of storm and non-storm events are characterized and compared with conventional analysis, noting the advantages and limitations of data analysis using animation and human interaction.

The second original research chapter presents a suite of newly written computer applications for 2D data, which enable spatially varying data to be displayed and analyzed in a performant graphics environment. Color-mappings using illustrative color spaces (RGB, CIELAB) are compared with the aid of interactive displays of the applied gradient paths through the chosen color spaces. This facilitates the creation of color-maps that accommodate the non-uniformity of human color perception, producing an image where genuine features are seen, taking account of aspects of the data such as parameter uncertainty. For an illustrative case study using a seismic tomography result, interpolation in CIELAB color space is shown to enable the creation of perceptually uniform linear gradients that match the underlying data, along with a simply computable metric for color difference, ΔE. This color space assists the accuracy and reproducibility of visualization results.

The well-posed use of color is further developed in the third original research chapter, for the exploratory interactive visualization of 3D volumes of global, deep Earth data. As an example, we address the challenge of reconnaissance visualization of a combined seismic tomography result, the primary means by which geoscientists infer structure and process in the deep Earth. A novel, interactive graphical application suite is presented that uses an intuitive 2.5D layer compositing approach. This allows the user to adjust the separation between data-slices, control graphics variables such as color mapping, opacity and compositing, and enables exploration and annotation of the architecture of the lithosphere. The methodology could find use in the visualization of multiple datasets representing aspects of the Earth’s deep interior, oceans and atmosphere, and in facilitating researcher interaction with the increasing number of rich datasets from missions to our neighboring planets.


The three original research papers that form the core of this thesis all provide a means of amplifying analytical acuity through animated and/or interactive interfaces that enable both ‘overview’ and ‘detail’ visualization and navigation. Through all three studies, the ‘human in the loop’ aspects of the visualization process are drawn upon, e.g. in the use of perceptual color spaces for optimal display of data, or exploiting visual faculties such as stereopsis and depth perception.


The dataflow software methodology employed is self-documenting, using a visual programming approach that can be replicated in alternative cross-platform software environments such as recent computer game engines. This flexible strategy assists the development of novel graphical user interfaces and interaction modalities for collaborative immersive screen technologies such as domes and future XR applications.


In summary the research described herein bridges the gap between scientific data formats and the immense resources of the computer graphics and gaming industries. It exploits productive modes of HCI engagement with the data display to facilitate the search for new knowledge in the geosciences. It is anticipated that the newly written software applications will lead to wider usage of informed color-mapping in the geosciences and an awareness of the utility of emergent visualization platforms for enhancing scientific research. It is hoped that “visual literacy” and “visual numeracy” will substantially improve as a consequence of this work, and similar initiatives, as inference tasks are more routinely carried out using well-posed data visualization in the geosciences.

MARTINS, L. B. . As Cinco Faces de Apophis: sobre males compartilhados, paradigmas de segurança e defesa planetária. Insight Inteligência (Rio de Janeiro), v.95, p.38 a 50, 2021. Para o acesso à edição completa, faça o download pelo link da revista, em <https://inteligencia.insightnet.com.br/pdfs/95.pdf>.

Este artigo buscou, seguindo a abordagem de Nancy  Nercessian    (1995),  identificar  como  especulações e  ensaios insipientes se  articularam  e  amadureceram ao longo do século XX, até constituírem os paradigmas contemporâneos de segurança.  Para  efeito  da  discussão,  o termo “paradigma de segurança” é tomado como conjunto coerente  de  ideias  capaz  de  orientar  a  percepção  e  a  ação individual e coletiva no campo dos riscos e desastres. A partir da investigação  do  percurso cognitivo-histórico foram  identificados  cinco  paradigmas  estruturantes  e a  ascensão  recente  de  uma  abordagem  transversal  –  a defesa planetária.

20. yüzyılın sonuna dek güneş sisteminin son sınırı Plüton ve milyonlarca kuyruklu yıldızın bulunduğu bölge olan oort bulutu olarak biliniyordu, Gerard Kuiper 1950 yılında yayımladığı makaleye göre güneş sisteminin ilk oluşum dönemlerinde Kuiper kuşağı adında bir yapı zamanla yok olmuş ve günümüze kadar tamamen temizlenmişti. Ancak 10. Gezegen arayışı ve güneş sisteminin nerede başlayıp nerede bittiği tartışması 1990’lı yıllarda Plüton ve ötesinin tekrar araştırılması ile oort bulutundan daha yakın bir bölgede Plüton benzeri onlarca gökcisminin keşfedilmesi, Kuiper kuşağı denen bölgenin halen var olduğunu kanıtladı. 
Bu bölge Adını Gerard Kuiper adlı bilim adamından aldı. 2000li yıllara geldiğimizde 40’dan fazla irili ufaklı minik gezegenler keşfedildi. Yeni keşfedilen bu gezegenlerin bir kısmı hemen hemen Plüton ile aynı boyutta ve özellikle Eris’in kütle olarak ondan daha büyük olduğu anlaşılınca Plüton ana gezegen olma vasfını kaybetti. Eğer Plüton halen 9. Gezegen olarak kabul ediliyor olsaydı şimdi güneş sisteminde 50’den fazla gezegen ismi  sayıyor olurduk. Cüce gezegen olarak vasıflandırılan bu gök cisimlerinin oluşumları döneminde çeşitli etkenlerle kimi iç güneş sistemindeki yörüngelerinden dış güneş sistemi yörüngelerine taşınmış, kimi ise dış güneş sisteminden iç güneş sistemine göç etmiştir. Gezegen bilimi ile ilgili çalışmalar son zamanlarda sürekli gelişim halinde olduğundan dolayı elde ettiğimiz tecrübeler ve bilgiler de sürekli değişmektedir. Dolayısıyla gezegen sınıflandırması ile ilgili bilgiler de bu doğrultuda tazelenmektedir.

An overview of the project history of the first remotely-manned exploration of the Jovian system by scientists and engineers at Pasadena, California's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.  Special emphasis is given to the redesign of the mission due to damage aboard the spacecraft and to the unexpected appearance of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9.