Political information

Although literature about the relationship between social media and political behaviors has expanded in recent years, little is known about the roles of social media as a source of political information. To fill this gap, this article considers
the question of whether and to what extent learning political information occurs via Facebook and Twitter. Theory suggests that social media may play a significant role in the learning of political information within the modern media environment. Making use of a combination of experimental and survey-based
studies, the data suggest that the potential for users to learn political information from social media exists but is not always realized within the general population.

Los medios de comunicación son un elemento fundamental para configurar la realidad que los ciudadanos construyen sobre la política y, en concreto, sobre la corrupción política. Las grandes cabeceras de prensa escrita conocen esta importancia, y ponen su foco en ella, tanto en sus ediciones en papel, como en sus versiones digitales. Al mismo tiempo, los diarios ‘tradicionales’ conviven desde hace años con un modelo de medio de comunicación, cuyo soporte único es Internet, con modelos empresariales alternativos y una línea editorial que proclama su independencia. Este trabajo analiza las relaciones con las fuentes informativas que mantienen los dos tipos de medios,  para determinar el número, el tipo y el uso de fuentes que utilizan ambos. El estudio plantea un análisis cuantitativo de la información sobre corrupción publicada por El Mundo, El País, Infolibre y eldiario.es, sobre el ‘Caso Gürtel’, en uno de los periodos de mayor volumen informativo: la publicación de los originales de los ‘papeles de Bárcenas’ y el ingreso en prisión del extesorero del Partido Popular. El objetivo es determinar de qué forma abordan los medios asuntos. relacionados con la corrupción, y concretar las posibles diferencias entre los dos tipos de medios. Los resultados reflejan que los medios tradicionales tienen acceso a mayor número de fuentes, pero abusan de las fuentes veladas, frente a los nativos digitales, que las atribuyen en mayor medida.

According to the selective exposure theory, individuals are exposed to the media based on their ideological orientations, and they seek messages that match their convictions. This paper proposes to expand the study of selective exposure beyond the left-right cleavage. It does so by exploring the importance of positions on the centre-periphery axis as predictors of media preferences through a logistic regression using data from the latest post-election survey conducted in Catalonia by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research (CIS). The results underscore that there was a clear segmentation of audiences according to national identities: whereas citizens with nationalist inclinations preferred to consume Catalan media, non-nationalists preferred Spanish media. In addition, national identity was the most important explanatory factor for radio and television preferences, as opposed to the written press.

Según la hipótesis de la exposición selectiva, los individuos se exponen a los medios en función de sus orientaciones ideológicas, buscando mensajes que concuerden con sus convicciones. Este artículo propone expandir el estudio de la exposición selectiva más allá del cleavage izquierda-derecha explorando la importancia de las posiciones en el eje centro-periferia como predictores de preferencias mediáticas mediante una regresión logística aplicada a los datos del último estudio postelectoral del CIS en Cataluña. Los resultados subrayan que existe una clara segmentación de las audiencias según identidades nacionales, de forma que los ciudadanos con inclinaciones nacionalistas prefieren consumir medios autonómicos, y los no nacionalistas, medios de alcance estatal. Además, la identidad nacional se erige como factor explicativo más importante de las preferencias de radio y televisión, frente a la prensa escrita.

The article has a deeper reflection on the issue of metadata, that is, data which are defined or describe other data. The theoretical layer extracted three types of metadata: descriptive, structural, and administrative. Descriptive metadata is used to find and identify key information that allows the location of an object. Structured metadata describes the internal structure of the object, but administrative metadata refers to the technical information, where information is provided for example about the time and how the file was created. The purpose of the publication is to provide theoretical knowledge as well as practical. The second part of the article depicts the concepts of graphic and text files, and simple self-defense techniques are indicated, which allow you to remove metadata before sharing the file. The supplementing of article is: analysis the ability to extract meta information by Fingerprinting Organizations with Collected Archives (FOCA), which is used to mechanizedly extract metadata reflection on what the metadata includes the email header.

This research explored political information behavior, political ignorance, and voting behavior of rural dwellers in Pakistan. Face-to-face interviews of 71 participants were conducted using an unstructured interview guide. The results indicated that a large majority of rural inhabitants were politically ignorant and did not seem to be in need of political information. They were not politically conscious as they were unaware about the existing political system, the way government operates and affect their lives, current affairs, and rural development programs. They mainly depended on mass-media particularly television for political information followed by newspapers, radio, and interpersonal relationships. The analysis also revealed that a large majority of these participants did not know the value of their votes as a they cast their votes using their preferences for their caste/clan, endorsement by the community leader, fear of enmity of village elite, and friendship with community leader. These results have quite serious implications on existing political system known as democracy in Pakistan.