Polymer Polyacrylamide

The demand for stable and high-quality granular materials for the construction of flexible granular pavements is constantly increasing due to population growth and the ever-expanding urbanization of the planet. Thus, the function of material stabilization to improve the quality and enable the use of available low-quality granular materials is becoming increasingly important. Traditionally, cement-based additives have been used for such stabilization. However, alternate additives such as polymers have recently been shown to also enhance strength and stiffness characteristics. Furthermore, as an added benefit, the use of polymer-based additives results in a far lower carbon footprint than cement-based additives. In the study reported herein, an extensive laboratory investigation was carried out to evaluate the use of polymeric stabilization to improve engineering properties of pavement materials. The engineering properties of three types of soils were evaluated after being treated with a polyacrylamide (PAM). Strength and stiffness properties were determined by conducting unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. The experimental program showed that the addition of PAM consistently enhanced the strength properties of all tested soils. The PAM-treated samples also showed improvements in the resilient moduli when compared to samples treated with traditional additives of lime and cement. Furthermore, multiple regression models were developed and the resulting three-parameter model revealed an excellent fit to actual resilient moduli. Finally, resilient modulus values were used to analyze the structural coefficient of a granular subbase layer and the results confirmed the improvements in structural capacity of all treated samples.

The crystallization of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug [2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl) propionic acid] ibuprofen (IBP) on a hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) gel was studied as well as the release kinetics of the drug. The IBP was crystallized on the gel surface of HPC/PAAm. It had a prismatic shape and the growth was made in an aqueous medium; the crystallinity grade of the gels HPC/PAAm and HPC/PAAm-IBU increased to 68% and to 58%, respectively. The release of IBP is performed by two means: by a non-Fickian diffusion process and by relaxation of the chains of the gel; without regard to temperature and the diffusion media, this correlates with the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the proposed gel. This polymer matrix provides an option for releasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in a temperature range of 35–39°C. Korsmeyer and Peppas mathematical model was simulated for data releases, statistically significant at 95% confidence level.

A soil box was used to investigate the water movement and soil water distribution around subsurface drip laterals with two emitters in the presence of a thin layer of polyacrylamide (PAM). Sandy soil was uniformly packed into a soil box. The PAM was applied at a rate of 29.3 kg ha-1 as a 0.01% solution by spraying it directly onto the soil surface at the required depths. With an operating pressure of 150 kPa and no PAM layer, the water consumption with a dripper line depth of 0.15 m was 12% lower than with a dripper line depth of 0.10 m. The greatest improvement in soil water-holding capacity after the addition of a PAM layer (47%) was observed when the dripper line was placed at a depth of 0.15 m under an operating pressure of 100 kPa. With a dripper line depth of 0.15 m and an operating pressure of 100 kPa, the average moisture content in the vertical planes below and above the dripper line directly increased by about 7.4 and 20%, respectively, with PAM layers at 0.25 and 0.30 m depths when compared with the moisture content with no PAM layer. The combination of a dripper line depth of 0.15 m, a PAM layer depth of 0.30 m and an operating pressure of 100 kPa will achieve optimal water management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abstract Un conteneur de sol a ete utilise pour etudier le mouvement de l'eau et de la distribution de l'eau du sol autour des conduites laterales d'egouttement du sous-sol avec deux emetteurs, en presence d'une fine couche de polyacrylamide (PAM). Le sol sableux est uniformement compacte dans un conteneur. Le PAM a ete applique a un taux de 29.3 kg ha-1 en solution a 0.01% par pulverisation directement sur la surface du sol a des profondeurs determinees. En l'absence d'une couche PAM avec la ligne de goutteurs a une profondeur de 0.15 m et une pression de service de 150 kPa, la consommation d'eau a ete reduite de 12% par rapport a la ligne de goutteurs a une profondeur de 0.10 m. Avec une couche PAM, la plus grande amelioration de capacite de retention (47%) a ete observee pour la ligne de goutteurs a une profondeur de 0.15 m sous une pression de fonctionnement de 100 kPa. Dans les conditions ou les couches de PAM etaient appliques aux profondeurs de 0.25 et 0.30 m respectivement, les gouteurs installes a 0.15 m de profondeur et une pression de service fixee a 100 kPa, la teneur en eau moyenne dans les plans verticaux de part et d'autre du goutteur a augmente d'environ 7.4 et 20%, respectivement, par rapport a la situation sans une couche PAM. La combinaison d'une ligne de goutteurs a une profondeur de 0.15 m et d'une couche de PAM a une profondeur de 0.30 m de profondeur en utilisant une pression de fonctionnement de 100 kPa est une configuration recommandee pour une gestion optimale de l'eau.

Breast cancer is one of the major issues in the field of oncology, reported with a higher prevalence rate in women worldwide. In attempt to reveal the potential biomarkers for breast cancer, the findings of differentially glycosylated haptoglobin and osteonectin in previous study have drawn our attention towards glycoproteins of secretome from the MCF-7 cancer cell line. In the present study, further analyses were performed on the medium of MCF-7 cells by subjecting it to two-dimensional analyses followed by image analysis in contrast to the medium of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEpC) as a negative control. Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin (HP), and HSC70 were detected in the medium of MCF-7, while only CPA4 and osteonectin (ON) were detected in HMEpC medium. In addition, CPA4 was detected as upregulated in the MCF-7 medium. Further analysis by lectin showed that CPA4, AAT, HP, and HSC70 were secreted as N-glycan in the medium of MCF-7, with HP...

In this study, the irrigation water infiltration rate (IR) is defined by input variables in linguistic terms using a fuzzy-logic approach. A fuzzy-logic model was developed using data collected from published data. The model was trained with three fuzzy membership functions: triangular ('trimf'), trapezoid ('trapmf'), and pi ('pimf'). The fuzzy system considered the number of irrigation events, applied water depth, polyacrylamide application rate, water application time, water electrical conductivity, soil surface slope, and soil texture components as input variables. The inputs were classified in terms of low, medium, and high levels. The output variable (i.e., IR) was rated in terms of five levels: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Using statistical analysis, the values of IR resulting from the developed fuzzy-logic model were compared with the observations from the experiments. The results confirm that the agreement between the observations and predictive results was acceptable, except for fuzzy 'trimf'. The coefficient of determination provided the greatest value when using the 'trapmf' and 'pimf', with the value estimated for the 'pimf' slightly higher than that of 'trapmf'. Based on the results that were obtained, irrigation managers can use the fuzzy-logic approach to modify their field practices during the growing season to improve on-farm water management.

Breast cancer is one of the major issues in the field of oncology, reported with a higher prevalence rate in women worldwide. In attempt to reveal the potential biomarkers for breast cancer, the findings of differentially glycosylated haptoglobin and osteonectin in previous study have drawn our attention towards glycoproteins of secretome from the MCF-7 cancer cell line. In the present study, further analyses were performed on the medium of MCF-7 cells by subjecting it to two-dimensional analyses followed by image analysis in contrast to the medium of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEpC) as a negative control. Carboxypeptidase A4 (CPA4), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), haptoglobin (HP), and HSC70 were detected in the medium of MCF-7, while only CPA4 and osteonectin (ON) were detected in HMEpC medium. In addition, CPA4 was detected as upregulated in the MCF-7 medium. Further analysis by lectin showed that CPA4, AAT, HP, and HSC70 were secreted as N-glycan in the medium of MCF-7, with HP...