Populaton Genetics

Archeological models always start with a “Peopling” of the New World (PNW)” leaving untested the significance and human evolutionary implications of not just contemporary Upper Paleolithic but even earlier occupations of the Americas (Holen 2015: Leakey and Simpson 1968 , Morlan  1987; Goodyear et al .; Dziebel 2007 ;  Boëda et al. 2021; the Valsequilo Valley of Mexico dated by multiple methods to  250,000  and many many others …).  The “Peopling of the Old World (POW)” accompanying the sudden inter-continental arrival of “Homo sapiens sapiens (Hss)” could and should find contrasts that PNW and POW human dispersals are linked. To not-do-so underscores the profound achievements of these inter-hemispherical colonists and human ties linking the Earths two Worlds. Replacement theories from the Old World have yet to contemplate Paleoamericans as a source for the species doing the replacing. A theoretical inclusion of the New World as an evolutionary source for the dispersal of modern man into Asia, Australia, Europe, and Africa starts with the critical assumption of “Replacement.” American ‘early’ “early Man Sites”  once drawn asunder by unsubstantiated anthropologic denials are now relevant including Monte Verde I  dated at 33,000 and earlier New World Pleistocene sites pre-dating the dawning of the “initial Upper Paleolithic in Southern Siberia.” Comparisons drawn from distinguishable New World archaeological evidence suggests isolation from developing Upper Paleolithic like adaptations dating ~ 45,000 years ago in the Old World. Glacial caused isolation has here-in been predicted as the basis for the perpetuation of an unexpected Paleoamerican mid-Pleistocene archaeological life-way that - however unfortunate for Archaeologists - can be argued as demonstrative of a basal aboriginal pre-Clovis Human archetype. No other explanation compliments the behavioral stigmatization that makes these human habitations so backwards when focusing on the Old-Worlds readily diagnostic Middle and Upper Paleolithic signatures. In-order to augment the genetic data in our favor we must be able to rejuvenate the archaeological facts that offer hand-held evidences that do not require biological timetables. This, however, does not underscore the genetic significance of determining the phylogenetic pathway we are about to investigate!
Key words: Replacement theory, Paleoamericans, Out of Asia, mtDNA and Y Chromosome, Bayesian prior joint and posterior probability theory, maximum-likelihood theory, statistical inference, ascertainment bias.

The mountainous areas embracing the Himalayan, Karakorum and Hindukush Ranges are rich in fauna and flora, as compared to other parts of the country. These areas provide an excellent habitat for wildlife in the form of alpine grazing lands, sub-alpine scrub and temperate forests. These habitats support a variety of wild animals. The areas are difficult for human beings to access, hence, most wildlife is present in reasonable numbers though some are endangered for other reasons. Some of the main wildlife species are the snow leopard, the black and the brown bears, otter, wolf, lynx, Himalayan ibex, markhor, bharal, Marco Polo's sheep, shapu, musk deer, marmots, tragopan and monal pheasants. The snow partridge and snowcock reside at higher elevations. The Rhesus monkey, common langur, red fox, black bear, common leopard, a variety of cats, musk deer (over a limited area), goral, several species of flying squirrels, chakor, partridge and pheasants (koklass, kaleej and cheer) live in the lower elevations. Amongst these the snow leopard, musk deer, Marco Polo's sheep, and the brown bear are endangered. The Tibetan wild ass and the blue sheep populations have been reduced drastically. The cheer pheasant is reported to be extinct from within Pakistan's boundaries, and is included in the IUCN Red Data Book. The western horned tragopan was reported to have disappeared from within Pakistani territory, but has now been relocated to Indus Kohistan, although its numbers are low. The main threats to the population of wild animals in the northern mountainous regions include, the competition with domestic livestock for existing natural forage, increasing human interference in the form of cultivation, the construction of roads, and hunting. The Himalayan foothills and the Potohar region, including the Salt Range and Kala Chitta Range, are covered with scrub forests, which have been reduced to scanty growth in most places. Medium-sized animals like the Punjab urial, barking deer, goral, chinkara, partridges (grey and black), seesee and chakor are supported in these habitats. A variety of songbird fauna also occurs intheseareas. Little vegetative cover, severity of climatic conditions and the great thrust of grazing animals on the deserts have left wild animals in a precarious position. Parts of Thall and Cholistan are now being irrigated, with the situation almost identical to that of the flood plains. Chinkara is the only animal, which can still be found in average numbers in Cholistan, but rarely in Thall. The blackbuck, once plentiful in Cholistan has now been eliminated. However, efforts