Prenancy complications
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This article investigates the connection between poverty, teenage pregnancy and early marriages of girls in developing countries. Teenage pregnancy and early marriage before the age of 18 years is a violation of a number of international... more
This article investigates the connection between poverty, teenage pregnancy and early marriages of girls in developing countries. Teenage pregnancy and early marriage before the age of 18 years is a violation of a number of international human rights conventions. However, for many underage girls in developing countries marriage is perceived as a means of securing their future and protecting them. Therefore, the main objective of the paper was to explore whether or not poverty is the major cause of the early marriages and teenage pregnancies. A qualitative research methodology has been employed using a questionnaire with a list of fifteen questions that are related to the causes of teenage pregnancy and early marriages. Twelve participants responded orally to the questions. Although, the participants agreed that other factors also played a role, they agreed that poverty was the major (85%) reason teenagers fall pregnant and marry early. Findings teenage pregnancy and early marriages are mostly driven by poverty and economic status where dowry is an income for the poor families as well as reducing families' expenses; the practice also relies on cultural, traditional and religious motives. Teenage pregnancy and early marriages dramatically limits a girl's access to formal education, thus the poverty cycle keep on rotating in her family. It is therefore, recommended that government policies should promote poverty alleviation by offering child support grants, the young and rescued mothers go back to formal school. The issues of sexuality, and teenage pregnancy and poverty alleviation should be included in the curriculum as early as the lower school grades.
Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, compliance, safety and economic cost for Fosfomycin trometamol and Nitofurantoin in uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Background: Nitofurantoin and Fosfomycin trometamol... more
Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, compliance, safety and economic cost for Fosfomycin trometamol and Nitofurantoin in uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections during pregnancy. Background: Nitofurantoin and Fosfomycin trometamol are recommended as the first-line agents for treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the latest guidelines endorsed by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Fosfomycin is bactericidal and inhibits bacterial cell wall biogenesis and reduces bacterial adherence to uroepi-thelial cells. Fosfomycin has broad antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, as Escherichia coli, Escherichia faeca-lis, and various Gram-negatives like Citrobacter and Proteus. Both Nitofu-rantoin and Fosfomycin are category B in pregnancy. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted at Tanta University Hospitals in the period from June, 1, 2015 to January, 1, 2017. Patients were recruited from outpatient clinics of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Urology Departments presenting with asymptomatic bacteruria or cystitis. Patients were allocated randomly into 2 groups: group I (n = 50 cases) received Fosfomycin therapy and group II (n = 50 cases) received Nitofurantoin therapy (n = 50 cases). After treatment, evaluation of patient symptoms, organism count, patient compliance and cost of treatment were done. Results: The enrolled patients were suffering from lower urinary tract infections; asymptomatic bacteruria (17 cases) or cystitis (83 cases). Ten patients were excluded. The demographic data of included patients were not significant for both groups. Complete relief (100%) of symptoms 5 days after start of treatment was noticed in Fosfomycin group while improvement of symptoms after 5 day-treatment was noticed in 86.49% in Nitofurantoin group (p-value = 0.030). The side effects were recorded in 7 cases (18.42%) in Fosfomycin group compared to (35.14%) with significant A. S. Dawood et al. 533 difference in the reported side effects, (p-value = 0.003). Compliance was 38/38 (100%) in Fosfomycin group compared to 34/37 (91.89%) in Nitro-fuantoin group (p-value = 0.001). Resistance was very minimal in Fosfomy-cin group where 1/38 case (2.63%) reported resistance for treatment compared to 8/37 cases (21.62%) in Nitofurantoin group (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Fosfomycin trometamine proved to be safe, effective, and has limited resistance. Moreover higher patient compliance and fewer side effects were recommending Fosfomycin to be a first choice drug for uncomplicated lower urinary tract infections during pregnancy at Tanta University.