Pyranometer

Heat island refers to the temperature increase in urban areas compared to rural settings, intensifying the cooling energy consumption of buildings. Roofs constitute a major part in urban areas, hence cool roof coverings contribute to mitigate heat island. Heat island is an ...

Solar intensity data log is an instrument for calibrating the insolation of sun radiations. Being aware of the available intensity of an area, it is easier to design and implement a solar power plant in specifically identified area. Such a design criteria need to identify the number of solar cells [1] and their placement as per the radiation level and how much battery to store the generated power. The conventional existing technology to measure solar intensity is Pyranometer which is a broad spectrum device. This device manages the calculations for the whole spectrum which includes radiations which may not provide any work function. Therefore the efficiency of this device is very low. Considering the above mentioned factors, a low cost device for measurement of solar intensity is designed and is presented in this paper. This will contribute in providing intensity manipulation for the relevant spectrum of solar radiation.

In Iraq, solar radiation field measurements are available in limited locations such as some universities and research centers. In this article, the measured data of monthly average global solar radiation in Iraqi provinces and cities was compared with the available data in the literatures and studies over the internet especially Google Scholar, Research Gate and IASJ. The selected locations were Baghdad, Mosul, Tikrit, Rutba, Nasiriya, Kirkuk, Haditha, and Najaf. The measured data was compared with the corresponding available satellite data from NASA and Meteonorm software and root mean square error was calculated to investigate NASA and Meteonorm performance. The review results showed that the maximum GSR was in Haditha in July (8.3 kWhr/m2), while the minimum GSR was in Mosul in December (1.68 kWhr/m2). The measured monthly average data of Baghdad was about 5.20 kWhr/m2. The data of satellites in some cities, such as Mosul, Rutba and Nasiriya, had a large deviation in summer, while the measured data nearly agree with the satellite data in the other months. The satellite data were not reliable and might not be suitable for the design consideration. The measured data of Baghdad, Kirkuk and Tikrit were acceptable since the mean deviation between measured and satellite data were less than 1 MJ/m2.

Global solar broadband irradiance on a planar surface is measured at weather stations by pyranometers. In the case of the present research, solar radiation values from nine meteorological stations of the MeteoGalicia real-time observational network, captured and stored every ten minutes, are considered. In this kind of record, the lack of data and/or the presence of wrong values adversely affects any time series study. Consequently, when this occurs, a data imputation process must be performed in order to replace missing data with estimated values. This paper aims to evaluate the multivariate imputation of ten-minute scale data by means of the chained equations method (MICE). This method allows the network itself to impute the missing or wrong data of a solar radiation sensor, by using either all or just a group of the measurements of the remaining sensors. Very good results have been obtained with the MICE method in comparison with other methods employed in this field such as Inver...

We all know very well that today's life cannot be imagined without power (Energy). As the time is passing the more and more use of energy demand is increasing. Traditionally only conventional source of energy was available to us. But they are limited, offering significant pollution, less efficient. That's why the world felt the maximum utilization of non conventional energy resources like wind, solar, fossil energy etc. Among all solar energy is considered as best because of some facts like easy and ample availability, pollution free, economical etc. Amount of solar energy solely depends on amount of solar radiation received. This paper will deal with differences between solar energy and solar radiation, solar radiation forecasting and solar radiation estimation. The reader will also come to know about the main use of solar energy as water heating, photovoltaic panels, etc. By going through this paper one can get the idea of various solar radiation measuring instruments like Pyranometer, Pyrheliometer etc. along with all paper will give detailed idea of limitations of conventional energies, future scope and need of non-conventional energy resources with all the advantages of solar energy over all other available non-conventional energies.

This study presents ground-based measurements of aerosol optical properties and solar radiation performed in Venice (Italy) within the Aerosol Direct Radiative Impact Experiment (ADRIEX). The measurement site is of particular interest due to its location at the eastern border of the polluted Po Valley and constituting the northern edge of the Mediterranean basin. Lidar observations showed a stratified structure of aerosols in the lower troposphere (0–4 km), with more than 40% of the aerosol optical depth due to aerosol above the local planetary boundary layer (about 1 km thick). Different aerosol vertical distributions and optical and microphysical properties were observed to develop under the influence of the various advection regimes encountered during ADRIEX. Sunphotometer measurements indicated fine particles (radius < 1 µm) as dominating the light extinction, confirming the main aerosol source in the region as anthropogenic. Photometric data also revealed a relatively low aerosol absorption (i.e. a single-scattering albedo > 0.92 at 440 nm), this being comparable to those found in other urban/industrial sites in Europe and USA, and slightly lower than those characterizing central America and Asia. Overall, the aerosol optical properties measured at Venice during ADRIEX translate into a summertime mean daily aerosol forcing between − 10 and − 14 W m−2 at the surface and between − 4 and − 8 W m−2 at the top of the atmosphere. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society

Solar energy is a result of the nuclear fusion process in the form of a series of thermonuclear events that occur in the Sun's core. Solar radiation has a significant impact on the lives of all living things on earth. The uses, as mentioned earlier, are when the solar radiation received requires a certain amount and vice versa. As a result, a more accurate instrument of solar radiation is required. A specific instrument is typically used to measure solar radiation parameters. There are four solar radiation parameters: diffusion radiation, global radiation, direct radiation, and solar radiation duration. Thus, it needs to use many devices to measure radiation data. The paper designs to measure all four-radiation data by pyranometer with particular modification and shading device. This design results have a high correlation with a global standard with a value of R=0.73, diffusion with a value of R=0.60 and a sufficiently strong direct correlation with a value of R=0.56. It can be said that the system is much simpler, making it easier to monitor and log the various solar radiation parameters.

Measurements of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) in the range (280–315 nm) and total global solar irradiation (G) for the period 2002–2006 in a continental Mediterranean environment have been analyzed. UV-B and G data have been recorded at the Low Atmosphere Research Laboratory, Valladolid, Spain, using a YES UVB-1 pyranometer and a Kipp&Zonen CM-6 radiometer, respectively. According to the cloud conditions, the

ABSTRACT Access to exact solar irradiation data is indispensable for planning and dimensioning of applications as e.g. solar power plants. The expectable amount of yearly solar irradiation has an over-proportional impact on the financing and therefore has to be known very precisely. For this reason, DLR performs investigations at PSA to improve the accuracy of irradiation data, which are measured at several locations in southern Spain and Morocco. Devices as Rotating Shadowband Pyranometers (RSP) as well as thermal pyranometers and a pyrheliometer are used. Besides well-documented and known technical aberrations, soiling of the sensors is an important source for underestimation of the measured irradiation, especially at offside stations where daily maintenance is not possible. In this paper, we present soiling characteristics of these sensors and a corresponding method for its correction.