Radiological Hazards

The radiological hazard indices due to radiation exposure from the Uyo metropolis central dumpsite were investigated. An in-situ measurements of the exposure level were made using Radex radiation meter model RD 1212. The radiological hazards indices evaluated were, exposure, annual dose rate (ADR), outdoor annual effective dose rate and the excess cancer lifetime risk. The mean exposure obtained for the dumpsite ranged between 0.09 µSv/h-0.19 µSv/h and the corresponding calculated ADR ranged between 0.16 mSv/yr – 0.33 mSv/yr, while the calculated outdoor AEDR is 0.11 mSv/yr-0.23 mSv/yr. The estimated excess lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radiation at the dumpsite is ranged between 3 3 10 82. 0 10 30. 0 − − × − ×. As a reference to aid observed any significant change in radiation level, the background radiation (control) exposure level was measured and values for exposure, ADR and AEDR (outdoor) were 0.07µSv/h, 0.12 mSv/yr and 0.09 mSv/yr respectively. The results show that the presence of these waste materials have slightly increased the radiation level in the area studied but not large enough for concern as the annual effective dose rate is below the acceptable dose limit of 1mSv/yr for the public, 20mSv/yr occupational limit. Index Terms-Radiological hazards, exposure, annual dose rate, annual effective dose rate and excess lifetime cancer risk

Mariout and Brullus were considered two of the highly fish productive lakes in
Egypt as well as they widely used to drain huge quantities of industrial
wastewater, sewage and agriculture drainage. Thousands of peoples inhabited
the areas around the lakes and depend on them completely in their lives. The
activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K were measured in the upper most part of the
surface sediments of the two lakes using gamma ray spectrophotometery.
Brullus Lake recorded significantly higher 238U and 232Th and lower 40K
(17.22±2.49 Bq/kg, 10.03±0.56 Bq/kg and 299.70±17.78 Bq/kg) than Mariout
Lake (12.65±1.53 Bq/kg, 7.24±0.76 Bq/kg and 518.75±46.24 Bq/kg
respectively). Inversely, the mean average of absorbed dose rate (D), annual
effective dose rate (mSvy-1), radium equivalent (Raeq), external hazard index
(Hex) and the representative level index (Ir) were; 32.01nGy/h, 0.04mSv/y,
62.95Bq/kg, 0.17 and 0.50 at Mariout Lake higher than those in Brullus lake
(26.42 nGy/h, 0.03 mSv/y, 54.25 Bq/kg, 0.15 and 0.41) respectively. The
recorded and calculated values were lower than the acceptable limits published
in the different localities around the world.
The activity distributions of the radiological hazards show the highest intensities
in the western part of Mariout Lake and decreasing gradually eastward and
northeastward affecting by the drainage agriculture water from Kabary Drain,
Umum Drain, S.W. Basin and Nubaria Canal. At Brullus Lake, the radiological
hazard intensities were concentrated in the west and southwest influenced by
Zaglul Drain, Rosetta Drain, Brembal canal, Drain 11, Drain 9, Drain 8 and
partially by Drain 1 while the lowest intensities were in the north and northeast
affecting by the interaction with the Mediterranean Sea. K-40 recorded positive
correlations and significant linear regression relationships with radiological
hazard parameters at Mariout Like meaning that 40K is the main gamma emitter
in the lake, while the different radioelements are participating gamma emitters
at Brullus Lake.

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In this study we investigate the radiological hazard of naturally occurring radioactive material in Tunisian and Algerian phosphorite deposits. Eight samples of phosphorite were collected from the phosphorite mines. The Tunisian and Algerian phosphorites occur in the Late Paleocene and Lower Eocene (Ypresian-Lutetian) in age (Béji Sassi 1984 and Zaïer 1999). Activity concentrations in all the samples were measured by alpha spectrometry and gamma spectrometry. Alpha spectrometry analyses show that the specific activity values of 238U, 234U and 235U in the samples of Tunisian phosphorite were 327±7 (321–327), 326±6 (325–331) and 14.50±0.72 (13.90–15.57) Bq kg−1, respectively. Specific activity measured by gamma spectrometry in the samples of the Tunisian and Algerian phosphorite shows a small difference. Specific activity levels of 40K, 226Ra, 232Th, 235U and 238U in the phosphorite samples from Tunisia were, respectively, 71.10± 3.80, 391.54±9.39, 60.38±3.74, 12.72±0.54 and 527.42± 49.57 Bq kg−1 and Algeria were 15.72±1.73, 989.65±12.52, 12.08±1.20, 47.50±1.52 and 1,148.78±7.30 Bq kg−1, respectively. The measured value of specific activity of 232Th and 40K in the Tunisian phosphorite samples is relatively higher than  that found in the samples of Algerian phosphorite. The measured  activity of uranium (238U) in the Tunisian phosphorite (527±49) Bq kg−1 is lower than in Algerian phosphorite. The measured activity of 238U in the Tunisian phosphorite samples was (527–1,315±65) 238U Bq kg−1 which is higher than its maximum background value of 110 Bq kg−1 in soils of the various countries of the world (Tufail et al. Radiat Meas 41:443–451, 2006). Different geological origins of phosphorites deposits are the main reason for the large spread in worldwide specific activities. The obtained results of uranium concentrations in phosphorites of different types (Algerian and Tunisian) demonstrate that the uranium concentrations are mainly governed by the phosphatic material. The present study reveals that phosphorite deposits contain natural radioactivity higher than background level