Respiratory Physiology

In various styles of martial arts the sequence of breathing exercises known as "Nogare - Nogare-Ura - Ibuki" is an effective initial means of recovery from extreme athletic exertion. An empirical analysis of the proper exercise technique shows a correlation between baseline respiration and zones of innervation in the upper limbs. This review describes the effectiveness of this breathing technique in re-establishing the body’s oxygen balance. It is based on formal physiological principles regarding productive gas exchange ratios and the effects of gravity on pulmonary blood perfusion. Ultrasound venous surveys and the Doppler Effect confirm the positive impact of this method and the validate its use in various types of martial arts.

This study investigated the effects of one session
of Yoga Nidra (relaxation technique) on the breathing
patterns/respiratory effort in the thoracic and abdominal
chest regions of boys with disruptive behaviour using a
Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography (RIP). The participants
(n = 7) were aged 10–15 years and attending NSW,
Department of Education (DET) special schools for children
with disruptive behaviour (DB). Results were compared
with three students (one female) aged 15 years
without DB. The seven boys had previously participated in
a 13-week yoga program. During this program participants
were progressively taught the practice of Yoga Nidra. The
comparison group did not participate in the yoga program
but underwent the same procedure for collection of data as
the yoga group. Using Compumedics ‘‘ProFusion Polysomnography
(PSG)’’ software and further analyses in
‘‘Polyman’’ European Data Format ? (EDF), data were
analysed by identifying breathing as unstable or stable.
Unstable breathing was identified as fluctuations in rate/s
of breathing effort, amplitude, cessation of breath, and
thoracic or abdominal predominance. Results indicated that
boys with disruptive behaviour generally displayed unstable
breathing patterns throughout the pre-recording period and showed more stable breathing during Yoga Nidra
compared with pre- or post-recording periods. There were
also examples of reductions in thoracic dominance during
Yoga Nidra. The comparison group’s breathing patterns
throughout the three phases of the process were found to be
stable.

The selection of cadence during cycling may be determined by a number of factors, including the degree of oxygenation in the exercising skeletal muscle.
The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of muscle oxygenation associated with different cycling cadences and exercise intensities, and its putative role in the choice of self-selected cadence during cycling.
We recorded cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to cycling at exercise intensities of 70% and 90% of the ventilatory threshold (Tvent), and used near-infrared spectroscopy to determine tissue saturation index as a measure of skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) oxygenation.
Twelve participants cycled at cadences of 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 revolutions per minute (rpm), each for 4 min, in a randomized sequence, interspersed with active recovery periods.
Despite cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses being greater at 90% than at 70% Tvent, and at 110 rpm compared with lower cadences, vastus lateralis oxygenation was not different between the two exercise intensities and five cadences tested.
Our results indicate that skeletal muscle tissue saturation index is not substantially affected during cycling for short periods of time at constant, moderate exercise intensity at cadences between 30 and 110 rpm, suggesting that skeletal muscle oxygenation may not be an important negative feedback signal in the choice of self-selected cadence during cycling at moderate exercise intensity.

Introduction. Endurance running performance is dependent upon hematological, physiological, anthropometrical, diet, genetic, and training characteristics. Increased oxygen transport and efficiency of tissue in extracting oxygen are the major determinants to competitions that require endurance. us, altitude training is often employed to increase blood oxygen-carrying capacity to improve sea-level endurance performance. is study aimed to compare hematological parameters of endurance runners' training at different clubs with different altitudes (Guna Athletics Sport Club at Guna (3100 meter above sea level) and Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy at Addis Ababa (2400 meter above sea level)). Methods. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at GASC and EYSA. Data were collected from a total of 102 eligible study subjects (26 runners and 25 controls at Guna and 26 runners and 25 controls at Addis Ababa) from May to October 2019. About 3 ml of the venous blood was drawn from the antecubital vein by aseptic procedure and analyzed using a hematology analyzer (DIRUI BCC-3000B, China). One-way ANOVA and independent-sample t-tests were used to compare means. Result. Male runners in Guna had significantly higher hemoglobin (Hgb), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and white blood cell (WBC) count than male runners in Addis Ababa. Besides, female runners in Guna had significantly higher MCH and MCHC than female runners in Addis Ababa. However, there were no significant differences between Guna and Addis Ababa runners in red blood cell (RBC) count, Hct, MCV, and platelet count in both sexes, while Hgb and WBC count in females. Conclusion. Decisively, Guna Athletics Sport Club endurance runners had significantly higher hematological parameters than Ethiopian Youth Sport Academy endurance runners. is provides invaluable information for coaches and sport physicians to monitor the hematological profile and the health status of an athlete living and training at different altitudes.

AS and total lung capacity (TLC) was estimated by applying Boyle–Mariote's law using V comp and ΔP ao. Results During AS, 0.140 ± 0.050 L of gas was compressed with an average ΔP ao of 21.78 ± 6.18 cmH 2 O. No significant differences between the estimated TLC (−0.03 ± 3.0% difference, p = 0.6020), estimated FRC (−2.0 ± 12.4% difference, p = 0.5172), measured IC (1.2 ± 11.2% difference, p = 0.7627) and predicted values were found. Conclusion During AS, a significant gas compression occurs and absolute lung volumes can be estimated by simultaneous measurements of ΔV CW , ΔV ao and ΔP ao. Abstract Purpose We reasoned that the application of positive pressure through air stacking (AS) technique could cause gas compression and the absolute lung volumes could be estimated. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of gas compression (ΔV comp) during AS in healthy subjects positioned at 45° trunk inclination and verify if the simultaneous measurements of chest wall volume changes (ΔV CW), by optoelectronic plethysmography, and changes in lung volume (ΔV ao), by pneumotachograph, combined with pressure variation at the airways opening (ΔP ao) during AS are able to provide reliable data on absolute lung volumes. Methods Twenty healthy subjects (mean age 23.5 ± 3.8 years) were studied during a protocol that included slow vital capacity and AS maneuvers. V comp was calculated by subtracting ΔV ao and ΔV CW occurring during