Satellite Telemetry

The subspecies composition of migratory sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) which stage and winter along the Lower Columbia River in northwest Oregon and southwest Washington is uncertain, but may include all 3 using the Pacific Flyway: lesser (G. c. canadensis), Canadian (G. c. rowani), and greater (G. c. tabida). However, the status of rowani has been debated. During 2001-02, we captured and marked 8 cranes using a noose line trapping technique, and attached Platform Transmitter Terminals (PTTs) to 6 to ascertain locations of their breeding areas, migration corridors and winter sites. Morphometric data were collected for subspecies determination. From measurements and their summer distribution, we conclude that they are likely the intermediate rowani form. Because of their limited numbers, distinct coastal migration path, and habitat issues at breeding, staging, and wintering areas, we recommend that conservation efforts be increased and that they be managed as a unique population. ...

Physiological telemetry is a powerful tool in studying the thermal biology and energetics of elasmobranchs in the laboratory and field. Controlled laboratory studies have increased our understanding of the physiology and behavior of many elasmobranchs, but have focused primarily on small, slow moving species. Extrapolating results from these laboratory studies to free-swimming animals in the field or to other unstudied species may be problematic, due to laboratory constraints or species specific differences. Some elasmobranchs are too large or logistically difficult to maintain in captivity, making them extremely difficult to study in the laboratory, and thus can only be studied in the field. Physiological telemetry offers a ‘bridge’ between the laboratory and the field providing an opportunity to elucidate similarities and differences. Previous studies have coupled a variety of sensors with ultrasonic transmitters to relay information on epaxial muscle and stomach temperatures of free-swimming lamnid sharks. Even though these studies indicate lamnids exhibit elevated body temperatures, the degree to which these sharks may control body temperature is still not fully understood. Telemetry of heart rate, swimming speed, muscle contraction rate, and tail beat frequency has been used to estimate energy consumption of free-swimming elasmobranchs with varying success. Based on recent advances in technology, several hypotheses regarding thermoregulation, cardiac output, and obligate ram ventilation are discussed. Although many telemetry studies have been restricted by logistical difficulties in conducting long-term tracks, recent developments such as acoustic modems, underwater listening stations and satellite telemetry may significantly increase the amount and types of physiological data that can be collected. These improvements in technology and captive animal husbandry techniques will help to ‘bridge the gap’ between the laboratory and the field.

This technical report update presents use case of CCSDS DVB-S2 for space telemetry. The DVB-S2 space telemetry blue book has been issue in 2013 by CCSDS. The following use cases are presented in the slides of this report :

- CNES DVB-S2 X-band use case for post-Pleiade

- CNES/ESA X-band telemetry for cubesats

- ESA/DGA ( with CNES support ) DVB-S2 coding for ARTEMIS – LOLA optical telemetry links

- Exemple of NASA’s future work on DVB-S2 Ka band space telemetry

- TDRS – ISS DVB-S2 Ka band coms

- NASA DVB-S2 modem test with HPA for telemetry

- DVB-S2 : Option for TDRS-Cubsat links using for instance VCM or ACM, HOM, Ka-band :

- DVB-S2 telemetry studied in China among other solutions

- Miniature DVB-S2 Ka-band telemetry transmitter Development activity for NASA-AMES center

- NASA LRCD DVB-S2 codes

- DVB-S2 LEO to GEO RF Cross Links

- Use of DVB-S2 telemetry by Aerospace corp

- Ka band for Cubesat with DVB-S2, exemple of DVB-S2 image telemetry for cubesat in Ka band

- NASA SBIR/STTR Technologies : DVB-S2 LEO-LEO Intersatellite links in Ka band

- DVB-S2 TM studied for cubesats for VHF links

- DVB-S2 Telemetry on DOVE-1 nanosatellite

- Constellation of more than 100 LEO nanosats with X-band DVB-S2 ACM telemetry : Flock

- DVB-S2 Telemetry on 6U-Cubsats : Cranfield University

- Pre-project use case DVB-S2 X-band telemetry

- High Efficiency transmitter for nanosatellite - master thesis - use of DVB-S2 - TU Delft & ISIS

- DVB-S2 Telemetry use case on GEOS-R (NOAA - NASA)

- Antartic Broadband nanosat DVB-S2 (Australia Space Research Program)

- EUMETSAT DVB-S2 use case to send meteo images to end users

- Use of DVB-S2 in Asia to send meteo and earth observation images to end users

- GEO-KOMPSAT-2 (Geostationary - Korea Multi-Purpose Satellite-2) Program / Cheollian-2 / GK-2

- Outernet cubesat LEO DTE data casting

- Exemple of Space Agency space telemetry ground network compatible with CCSDS DVB-S2 (NASA NEN and SN)

- Two Exemples of commercial space telemetry ground network compatible with DVB-S2

- Presentation of DVB-S2 eXtension (DVB-S2x)

- Technical possibility of reactive TT&C Ka band LEO terminal using a DVB-S2 variant via Inmarsat 5

As shown by the slides, numerous projects have already adopted or earmarked DVB-S2 for their near earth space telemetry, for a wide variety of scenarii ( LEO DTE, LEO-GEO ISLs, LEO-LEO ISLs, … ). Significant current and future use of the DVB-S2 CCSDS standard (CCSDS 131.3-B-1) for telemetry is a fact. CCSDS DVB-S2 telemetry is used in X band, Ka band and optical band, and also in VHF, UHF,  L and S band. Several space agencies are significant DVB-S2 telemetry users, and other earth observation operators as well

In recent years, there has been great progress understanding the underlying causes of earthquakes, as well as forecasting their occurrence and preparing communities for their damaging effects. Plate tectonic theory explains the occurrence of earthquakes at discrete plate boundaries, such as subduction zones and transform faults, but diffuse plate boundaries are also common. Seismic hazards are distributed over a broad region within diffuse plate boundaries. Intraplate earthquakes occur in otherwise stable crust located far away from any plate boundary, and can cause great loss of life and property. These earthquakes cannot be explained by classical plate tectonics, and as such, are a topic of great scientific debate. Earthquake hazards are determined by a number of factors, among which the earthquake magnitude is only one factor. Other critical factors include population density, the potential for secondary hazards, such as fire, landslides and tsunamis, and the vulnerability of man-made structures to severe strong ground motion. In order to reduce earthquake hazards, engineers and scientists are taking advantage of new technologies to advance the fields of earthquake forecasting and mitigation. Seismicity is effectively monitored in many regions with regional networks, and world seismicity is monitored by the Global Seismic Network that consists of more than 150 high-quality, broadband seismic stations using satellite telemetry systems. Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) systems monitor crustal strain in tectonically active and intraplate regions. A relatively recent technology, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) uses radar waves emitted from satellites to map the Earth’s surface at high (sub-cm) resolution. InSAR technology opens the door to continuous monitoring of crustal deformation within active plate boundaries. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), along with other partners, has created ShakeMap, an online notification system that provides near-real-time post-earthquake maps of ground shaking intensity. These maps are especially useful for the coordination of emergency response teams and for the improvement of building codes. Using a combination of these new technologies, with paleoseismology studies, we have steadily improved the science of earthquake forecasting whereby one estimates the probability that an earthquake will occur during a specified time interval. A very recent development is Earthquake Early Warning, a system that will provide earthquake information within seconds of the initial rupture of a fault. These systems will give the public some tens of seconds to prepare for imminent earthquake strong ground motion. Advances in earthquake science hold the promise of diminishing earthquake hazards on a global scale despite ever-increasing population growth.

In order to serve the flight safety community and mufti-disciplinary research projects a global database on bird movements and bird strikes in military and civilian flight is being developed at the International Center for the Study of Migration at Latrun. The information system will include biological and statistical data from various sources that have been collected through the years such

The Bengal Florican Houbaropsis bengalensis (Gmelin 1789) is a Critically Endangered species, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). It is listed under Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, and has been a priority species for conservation in the Wildlife Action Plan (2002-2016) prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF). A guideline document to frame state-specific Recovery Plans has also been developed by the MoEF for the Bengal Florican as well as for the other two resident bustard species (Great Indian Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps and Lesser Florican Sypheotides indicus) found in India. Deploying satellite transmitters on Bengal Floricans at Pilibhit (three birds) and Dudhwa (one bird) reserves has given us specific information about their post-breeding movements. The transmitter of one bird at Pilibhit stopped working after three months, but the transmitters on the other three birds has given and continue to give us insightful information for almost three years. We found that by July-August the birds moved out from their breeding sites (which happen to be inside Pilibhit and Dudhwa reserves), approximately 15-50 km, into floodplain-agriscape areas along rivers. These areas are characterised by a mosaic of unmanaged grasslands and relatively lower-intensity agriculture with low human population densities and minimum infrastructure, generally outside the territorial jurisdiction of the Forest Department. The birds spend about six to eight months in such areas showing a wide breadth of local movements, perhaps due to specific anthropogenic disturbance events (e.g. harvesting or sowing of crops, harrowing the field, burning crop stubble). Hence, for up to eight months in a year, birds are not in protected grasslands of PAs, and may thus potentially be more prone to the dangers of hunting and trapping. Therefore, for the protection of Bengal Florican, we must look at the larger landscape beyond officially protected areas and Reserved Forests (RFs). The Species Recovery Plan for the Bengal Florican in Uttar Pradesh may keep this larger heterogeneous landscape in mind and devise appropriate strategies based on recommendations of this report. We also conducted a pilot project to manipulate the vegetation structure at a grassland territory of a male bird in Dudhwa National Park to assess whether it stayed back inside the reserve if it were provided a mosaic of short and tall grass areas post the breeding season. Perhaps our experiment was done a little late and/or on a smaller scale, as the bird moved out of the reserve eventually, although it tended to use open patches created by vegetation trimming more than usual. We suggest that such experiments be repeated at more than one site and on a larger scale to assess the efficacy of such an interventionist approach. Since the results presented here are largely based on location data obtained from only three tagged birds, we recommend that more birds of both sexes be tagged in Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh to fully understand the landscape level ecological requirements of the Bengal Florican. At present, much of the grassland management is done keeping in mind the requirements of large mega-vertebrates such as the Rhino, Swamp Deer, Asian Elephant, Tiger and Wild Buffalo. Sometimes grassland areas are burnt during the breeding season of the Bengal Florican and other grassland avian species. We strongly recommend long-term studies on the impact of annual grassland burning at Dudhwa, Manas, Kaziranga, D’Ering, Orang and other reserves/areas on flora and fauna in order to help devise scientific grassland management protocols that take care of the needs of all grassland-dependent species, especially that of grassland obligatory avian species.

IET indexes its books and journal in SCOPUS and IEEE Xplore.
Computer Vision (CV) and Sensors play a decisive role in the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), but there exists a void when it comes to analysing the extent of their impact on the entire UAV system. In general, the fact that a UAV is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is not taken into account. In this proposal, we propose to expand on earlier books covering the use of CV and sensing in UAVs. Among other things, an entirely autonomous UAV can help to (i) obtain information about the environment, (ii) work for an extended period of time without human interference, (iii) move either all or part of itself all over its operating location devoid of human help and (iv) stay away from dangerous situations for people and their possessions. A Vision System (VS) entails the way CV data will be utilized, the appropriate architecture for total avionics integration, the control interfaces, and the UAV operation. Since the VS core is its sensors and cameras, multi-sensor fusion, navigation, hazard detection, and ground correlation in real time are important operational aspects that can benefit from CV knowledge and technology. This book will aim to collect and shed some light on the existing information on CV software and hardware for UAVs as well as pinpoint aspects that need additional thinking. It will list standards and a set of prerequisites (or lack of them thereof) when it comes to CV deployment in UAVs. The issue of data fusion takes a centre place when the book explores ways to deal with sensor data and images as well as their integration and display. The best practices to fuse image and sensor information to enhance UAV performance by means of CV can greatly improve all aspects of the corresponding CPS. The CPS viewpoint can improve the way UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine CV with Virtual/Augmented Realities.

VOLUME 1-CONTROL AND PERFORMANCE: This tome explores how sensors and computer vision technologies are used in unmanned aerial vehicles for the navigation, control, stability, reliability, guidance, fault detection, self-maintenance, strategic replanning and reconfiguration of the entire system. It helps analyse the manner UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle still imagery, video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine computer vision with virtual/augmented realities (VR/AR).NB: This is planned to be the companion volume of Estrela, Hemanth, Saotome (Eds) / Imaging and Sensing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Volume 2-Deployment and Applications

Anomaly detection refers to the problem of finding patterns in data that do not confirm to expected behaviour. The survey tries to provide a structured and comprehensive overview of the research on anomaly detection. There are grouped existing techniques into different categories based on the underlying approach adopted by each technique. For each category there are identified key assumptions, which are used by the techniques to differentiate between normal and anomalous behaviour. Further, for each category, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the techniques in that category is a part of the projects goal. And find out the model which is best suited for detecting and prediction of anomaly from the telemetry data. The aim is to identify a simple automated process which only verifies if a certain parameter crosses upper or lower thresholds and is robust enough to detect the various types of anomalies that may occur in the telemetry data. We will be analysing data and use machine learning algorithms to attempt a realistic prediction, gain experience in machine learning algorithms and their applicability to satellite telemetry data analysis. Combining satellite data and machine learning algorithms to predict the dynamic characteristics of a satellite, such that an outcome is obtained with good accuracy rate.

A young of the year female white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, was tagged with a pop-up satellite archival tag off Southern California in early June of 2000. The tag was recovered after 28 days, and records of temperature, depth and light intensity were extracted. Depth and temperature records indicate a number of interesting behaviors, including a strong diurnal pattern. At night the shark remained in the top 50 m, often making shallow repetitive vertical excursions. Most dives below the mixed layer were observed during the day, 91% of which occurred from 05:00 to 21:00 h, with depths extending to 240 m. Many of the dives exhibited secondary vertical movements that were consistent with the shark swimming at the bottom (at depths from 9 to 165 m) where it was most likely foraging. The white shark experienced dramatic and rapid changes in temperature, and demonstrated a considerable tolerance for cold waters. Temperatures ranged from 9°C to 22°C, and although 89% of the total time was spent in waters 16–22°C, on some days the small shark spent as much as 32% of the time in 12°C waters. The deep dives into cold waters separate the white sharks from mako sharks, which share the California Bight nursery ground but appear to remain primarily in the mixed layer and thermocline. Movement information (derived from light-based geolocation, bottom depths and sea surface temperatures) indicated that the white shark spent the 28 days in the Southern California Bight, possibly moving as far south as San Diego, California. While the abundance and diversity of prey, warm water and separation from adults make this region an ideal nursery ground, the potential for interaction with the local fisheries should be examined.

The VSAT LINK analysis is done for calculating link margin analysis using turbo-c program. This article describes various parameters such as satellite name and transmission and reception parameters and the total link analysis. This particular VSAT is used in AIRDEFENCE applications. I. INTRODUCTION Link margin calculation is an important for the best use of receiving signals from satellites which are in GEO SYNCHRONOUS orbits. In this paper the TX and RX parameters, and satellite parameters are described and link margin is calculated by hand calculation and also a turbo –c program is executed for calculation of C/N (CARRIER TO NOISE) up link and down link AND Eb/No is also calculated. Also the following is the new VSAT LINK DESIGN CALCULATION FOR L-BAND communication.

The Lesser Spotted Eagle belongs to a species with obligatory cainism, which means that in the natural state it is rare that two young eagles fledge, although as a rule two chick's hatch. The breeding population in Germany is at the western edge of the species' range and is declining (a 23% decrease between 1993 and 2007). Local extinction can be anticipated and therefore nestling management has been implemented in the German federal state of Brandenburg since 2004 as a conservation measure by using human intervention to prevent the death of the younger sibling. This is in addition to other methods such as nest-site protection, habitat preservation, legislation etc. Furthermore, in 2007, second hatched eagle chicks (Abels) from Latvia were translocated for the first time. The managed pairs (nests physically inspected) were on average more successful than the unmanaged pairs (nests not physically inspected). It cannot be determined as to whether the inspection of the nests ...

IET indexes its books and journal in SCOPUS and IEEE Xplore.
Computer Vision (CV) and Sensors play a decisive role in the operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), but there exists a void when it comes to analysing the extent of their impact on the entire UAV system. In general, the fact that a UAV is a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) is not taken into account. In this proposal, we propose to expand on earlier books covering the use of CV and sensing in UAVs. Among other things, an entirely autonomous UAV can help to (i) obtain information about the environment, (ii) work for an extended period of time without human interference, (iii) move either all or part of itself all over its operating location devoid of human help and (iv) stay away from dangerous situations for people and their possessions. A Vision System (VS) entails the way CV data will be utilized, the appropriate architecture for total avionics integration, the control interfaces, and the UAV operation. Since the VS core is its sensors and cameras, multi-sensor fusion, navigation, hazard detection, and ground correlation in real time are important operational aspects that can benefit from CV knowledge and technology. This book will aim to collect and shed some light on the existing information on CV software and hardware for UAVs as well as pinpoint aspects that need additional thinking. It will list standards and a set of prerequisites (or lack of them thereof) when it comes to CV deployment in UAVs. The issue of data fusion takes a centre place when the book explores ways to deal with sensor data and images as well as their integration and display. The best practices to fuse image and sensor information to enhance UAV performance by means of CV can greatly improve all aspects of the corresponding CPS. The CPS viewpoint can improve the way UAVs interact with the Internet of Things (IoT), use cloud computing, meet communications requirements, implement hardware/software paradigms necessary to handle video streaming, incorporate satellite data, and combine CV with Virtual/Augmented Realities.

VOLUME 2-DEPLOYMENT AND APPLICATIONS: This tome introduces procedures, standards, and prerequisites for the deployment of Computer Vision (CV) in UAVs from their application point of view. It discusses existing/desirable open source software tools, image banks, benchmarks, Quality of Experience (QoE), Quality of Service (QoS) and how CV can benefit from a Robot Operating System (ROS) in surveillance, remote sensing, inspection, maintenance and repair among other usages, while offering an assessment of current bottlenecks and trends. It will pave the road towards better studies on the necessity and viability of implementing collaborative environments for visualization, knowledge management and teleoperation of UAVs. This is planned to be the companion volume of Estrela, Hemanth, Saotome (Eds) / Imaging and Sensing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Volume 1-Control and Performance.

Editor(s):
Dr. Vania V. Estrela, https://www.linkedin.com/in/vania-v-estrela-96b9bb29/
Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), RJ, Brazil
vania.estrela.phd@ieee.org

Dr. Jude Hemanth,https://www.karunya.edu/ece/drjude.html
Karunya University, Coimbatore, India
jude_hemanth@rediffmail.com

Dr. Osamu Saotome, https://www.linkedin.com/in/osamu-saotome-83935818
Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, CTA-ITA-IEEA, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
osaotome@gmail.com

CONTENTS:
1. Image Acquisition and Restoration in UAVs
2. Image Fusion in UAVs
3. Super-Resolution Imaging in UAVs
4. 2D/3D/4D Imaging in UAVs
5. Multi-view Image and ToF Sensor Fusion in UAVs
6. Range Imaging in UAVs
7. Multispectral and Hyperspectral Imaging in UAVs
8. Imaging Standards and UAVs
9. Virtual/Augmented Reality in UAVs
10. Collaborative Environments in UAVs
11. Archiving, Storage, and Compression in UAVs
12. Analysis, Indexing, Retrieval in UAVs
13. Multicast/Broadcast/Streaming in UAVs
14. Modelling, Simulation and UAVs
15.  Image-Oriented Estimation and Identification in UAVs
16. Open Source Software in UAVs
17. Image Banks and Benchmarks in UAVs
18. Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) in UAVs
19. Robot Operating System (ROS) in UAVs
20. Cloud Computing in UAVs

Specification and Schedule

July 1st, 2017: Call for Chapter Abstracts
September 1, 2017: One-Page Chapter Abstract (up to 1000 words) Submission Deadline. Free style.
          A proposal must outline one of topics fromthe list above (mention its number, for instance 1. and reference PBCE120B).
November 30, 2017: Last Day for Notification of Acceptance
Jan 30, 2018: Full Chapter Submissions
March 30 2018: Review Chapter Submissions and send comments to authors
May 31, 2018: Receive revised Chapter Submissions
June 30, 2018: Notification of Final Acceptance
July 31, 2018: Gather all material, figure files and copyrights permission forms
Aug 30, 2018: Book editors to finalize introduction and conclusion chapters
Sept 15th, 2018, Delivery of full manuscript to the IET
Scheduled publication: Feb/March 2019

Readership: Graduate students and Researchers in the fields of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Humanitarian Engineering, Control Systems, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Instrumentation and Measurement, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Oceanic Engineering, Safety Engineering, Reliability, Robotics and Automation, Signal Processing, Technology and Engineering Management, Environmental Engineering, Public Health Management, Non-Invasive Testing/Monitoring and Vehicular Technology.

Additional Information: Dr. Vania V. Estrela,    vania.estrela.phd@ieee.org
                                          Dr. Jude Hemanth,      jude_hemanth@rediffmail.com

1. Migratory birds are major candidates for long-distance dispersal of zoonotic pathogens. In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. Experimental infection studies reveal that some wild ducks, geese and swans shed this virus asymptomatically and hence have the potential to spread it as they move.2. We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. We analysed the first large-scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006–2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa.3. Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection.4. However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5–15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km.5. Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long-distance movements. Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds.6. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. Such dispersive potential rests on the assumption that free-living wildfowl will respond analogously to captive, experimentally-infected birds, and that asymptomatic infection will not alter their movement abilities. Our approach of combining experimental exposure data and telemetry information provides an analytical framework for quantifying the risk of spread of avian-borne diseases.