Seedling Characteristics
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Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of... more
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden... more
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. The seeds were sown in surface layer of soil not below than 1 cm. Seedlings of 10- and 60 days were studied. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass in 10-day old seedlings was in cotyledons followed by leaves, roots and stem. Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons large, more or less sessile, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex outside, with no visible venation and retained with the seedling for some 50 - 60 days after emergence. The hypocotyl short, green, shining. Epicotyl longer, pubescent. The basal stem may sometimes be pruinose. The primary leaf simple, alternate. There is a great irregularity with respect to the first appearance of imparipinnate trifoliate leaf with ovate leaflets. It may arise after 2, 4 or 6-7 simple leaves. Leaf stipulate, apex acute (at times acuminate, basally obtuse. Aspect ratio 0.6 - 0.67. Venation brachidodromous. Angle of divergence (AOD) moderate between 1o and 2o veins and wide between 2o and 3o veins. Areole small and veinlets endings linear. There were four types of trichomes on very young stipules and leaves – 1) Short flat, bent near base, curved, brown, pointed-at-the-apex and unicellular, non-glandular trichomes, 2) Septate multicellular non-glandular trichomes, 3) Very long and thin non-glandular trichomes and 4) Stalked capitate uniseriate filiform non-glandular trichomes. Leaves multistomatic ventrally; dorsally generally devoid of stomata except few rarely. Stomata were identified on the basis of Prabhakar (2004). Paracytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata were present on the inner surface of cotyledon. Hypocotyl had paracytic stomata. Epicotylar stomata included paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and anisotricytic types where as paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic and tetracytic characterized the ventral surface of leaf. Paracytic type of stoma characterized P. pinnata and was common amongst all the organs. Abnormal stomata included paracytic stomata with common subsidiary and contiguous paracytic stomata with no subsidiaries. Paracytic hemitricyclic stoma was also present but very rarely. Stomata density on ventral surface of leaves averaged to 211.59 ± 2.60.mm-2 and anomocytic stomata were larger than the paracytic stomata.
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden... more
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. The seeds were sown in surface layer of soil not below than 1 cm. Seedlings of 10- and 60 days were studied. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass in 10-day old seedlings was in cotyledons followed by leaves, roots and stem. Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons large, more or less sessile, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex outside, with no visible venation and retained with the seedling for some 50 - 60 days after emergence. The hypocotyl short, green, shining. Epicotyl longer, pubescent. The basal stem may sometimes be pruinose. The primary leaf simple, alternate. There is a great irregularity with respect to the first appearance of imparipinnate trifoliate leaf with ovate leaflets. It may arise after 2, 4 or 6-7 simple leaves. Leaf stipulate, apex acute (at times acuminate, basally obtuse. Aspect ratio 0.6 - 0.67. Venation brachidodromous. Angle of divergence (AOD) moderate between 1o and 2o veins and wide between 2o and 3o veins. Areole small and veinlets endings linear. There were four types of trichomes on very young stipules and leaves – 1) Short flat, bent near base, curved, brown, pointed-at-the-apex and unicellular, non-glandular trichomes, 2) Septate multicellular non-glandular trichomes, 3) Very long and thin non-glandular trichomes and 4) Stalked capitate uniseriate filiform non-glandular trichomes. Leaves multistomatic ventrally; dorsally generally devoid of stomata except few rarely. Stomata were identified on the basis of Prabhakar (2004). Paracytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata were present on the inner surface of cotyledon. Hypocotyl had paracytic stomata. Epicotylar stomata included paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and anisotricytic types where as paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic and tetracytic characterized the ventral surface of leaf. Paracytic type of stoma characterized P. pinnata and was common amongst all the organs. Abnormal stomata included paracytic stomata with common subsidiary and contiguous paracytic stomata with no subsidiaries. Paracytic hemitricyclic stoma was also present but very rarely. Stomata density on ventral surface of leaves averaged to 211.59 ± 2.60.mm-2 and anomocytic stomata were larger than the paracytic stomata.
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden... more
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in
the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden
sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. The seeds were sown in surface layer of soil not below than 1 cm. Seedlings of
10- and 60 days were studied. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass
in 10-day old seedlings was in cotyledons followed by leaves, roots and stem. Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons
large, more or less sessile, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex outside, with no visible venation and
retained with the seedling for some 50 - 60 days after emergence. The hypocotyl short, green, shining. Epicotyl longer,
pubescent. The basal stem may sometimes be pruinose. The primary leaf simple, alternate. There is a great irregularity with
respect to the first appearance of imparipinnate trifoliate leaf with ovate leaflets. It may arise after 2, 4 or 6-7 simple leaves.
Leaf stipulate, apex acute (at times acuminate, basally obtuse. Aspect ratio 0.6 - 0.67. Venation brachidodromous. Angle of
divergence (AOD) moderate between 1o and 2o veins and wide between 2o and 3o veins. Areole small and veinlets endings
linear. There were four types of trichomes on very young stipules and leaves – 1) Short flat, bent near base, curved, brown,
pointed-at-the-apex and unicellular, non-glandular trichomes, 2) Septate multicellular non-glandular trichomes, 3) Very long
and thin non-glandular trichomes and 4) Stalked capitate uniseriate filiform non-glandular trichomes. Leaves multistomatic
ventrally; dorsally generally devoid of stomata except few rarely. Stomata were identified on the basis of Prabhakar (2004).
Paracytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata were present on the inner surface of cotyledon.
Hypocotyl had paracytic stomata. Epicotylar stomata included paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and anisotricytic types
where as paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic and tetracytic characterized the ventral surface of leaf. Paracytic type
of stoma characterized P. pinnata and was common amongst all the organs. Abnormal stomata included paracytic stomata
with common subsidiary and contiguous paracytic stomata with no subsidiaries. Paracytic hemitricyclic stoma was also
present but very rarely. Stomata density on ventral surface of leaves averaged to 211.59 ± 2.60.mm-2 and anomocytic
stomata were larger than the paracytic stomata.
the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden
sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. The seeds were sown in surface layer of soil not below than 1 cm. Seedlings of
10- and 60 days were studied. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass
in 10-day old seedlings was in cotyledons followed by leaves, roots and stem. Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons
large, more or less sessile, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex outside, with no visible venation and
retained with the seedling for some 50 - 60 days after emergence. The hypocotyl short, green, shining. Epicotyl longer,
pubescent. The basal stem may sometimes be pruinose. The primary leaf simple, alternate. There is a great irregularity with
respect to the first appearance of imparipinnate trifoliate leaf with ovate leaflets. It may arise after 2, 4 or 6-7 simple leaves.
Leaf stipulate, apex acute (at times acuminate, basally obtuse. Aspect ratio 0.6 - 0.67. Venation brachidodromous. Angle of
divergence (AOD) moderate between 1o and 2o veins and wide between 2o and 3o veins. Areole small and veinlets endings
linear. There were four types of trichomes on very young stipules and leaves – 1) Short flat, bent near base, curved, brown,
pointed-at-the-apex and unicellular, non-glandular trichomes, 2) Septate multicellular non-glandular trichomes, 3) Very long
and thin non-glandular trichomes and 4) Stalked capitate uniseriate filiform non-glandular trichomes. Leaves multistomatic
ventrally; dorsally generally devoid of stomata except few rarely. Stomata were identified on the basis of Prabhakar (2004).
Paracytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata were present on the inner surface of cotyledon.
Hypocotyl had paracytic stomata. Epicotylar stomata included paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and anisotricytic types
where as paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic and tetracytic characterized the ventral surface of leaf. Paracytic type
of stoma characterized P. pinnata and was common amongst all the organs. Abnormal stomata included paracytic stomata
with common subsidiary and contiguous paracytic stomata with no subsidiaries. Paracytic hemitricyclic stoma was also
present but very rarely. Stomata density on ventral surface of leaves averaged to 211.59 ± 2.60.mm-2 and anomocytic
stomata were larger than the paracytic stomata.
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of... more
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1 mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1 mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
The ornamentation (trichomes, lithocysts and stomata) of Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt. seedling is described. Seedling appeared to be " Phanerocotylar-epigeal-foliaceous type ". P. paniculata appeared to consist of lithocysts... more
The ornamentation (trichomes, lithocysts and stomata) of Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt. seedling is described. Seedling appeared to be " Phanerocotylar-epigeal-foliaceous type ". P. paniculata appeared to consist of lithocysts in all seedling components. Generally, they were of varied shapes and sizes. They are much longer than wider. Each lithocyst contained numerous cystoliths. The lithocyst density on cotyledonary and foliar surfaces was almost comparable-averaging around 13 to 15 lithocysts per mm 2. On cotyledon, lithocysts were predominantly of RR (Both ends round) type. RN (One end obtuse other tapering) or NN (both ends tapering) types were absent from ventral surface of cotyledon. There was, however, merely 6.66 % representation of RN type on dorsal surface of cotyledon. The three types of lithocysts were, however, present on leaf. NN type of lithocysts was 50-58% on ventral and dorsal surfaces. RR and RN types were around 20-25%. There were three types of trichomes 1. Non-glandular uniseriate multicellular larger trichomes, 2. Smaller conical trichomes and 3. Sessile glandular trichomes. Size of normal diacytic stomata was found not to vary on different surfaces of the seedling. Stomatal size was of 25.80 ± 14.85 μm on the dorsal surface of leaf and 27.5 x 14.85 μm on the ventral surface. Foliar stomata had sinuous subsidiaries with wavy anticlinal walls. On leaf surface, besides diacytic stomata, anisocytic and staurocytic stomata were also seen – of course in low number. SEM provided images of the cystoliths and druses. Scanning through EDS attached to the SEM facilitated the elemental composition of the leaf, in the region of cystoliths and the polymorph presumably aragonite, indicated that CaCO 3 entered in the composition of the cystolith and the druses.
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of... more
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Seedling characteristics of Erythrina suberosa Roxb. are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden... more
Seedling characteristics of Erythrina suberosa Roxb. are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in
the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with
garden sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. Maximum germination was 50% achieved within a week. The
seedlings were studied when they were 20-day (younger) and 50-day old (elder). The seedling was of Phanerocotylar –
Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass in 20-day seedlings was in leaves and in 50-day seedlings in
leaves and hypocotylar stem. The major growth spur in seedlings during the 30-day period from 20th to 50th day was in
hypocotylar and epicotylar stem and root. Tap root had profuse laterals. Numerous root nodules 3.5 - 5mm in diameter
were present generally on the main root. Cotyledons were large, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex
outside with no visible venation. They were wholly consumed within 50 days after germination. Internode size reduced
from base to apex regularly. The hypocotyl was green, shining and provided with little prickles. Epicotyl is hairy. The
primary leaves were simple opposite, erect, glaucous dorsally and pubescent ventrally. The subsequent leaves were
pinnately trifoliate (ternate) with three leaflets. Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipules. Glanduliform
stiples present. Epicotyl was longer than hypocotyl. The total leaf area of elder seedlings was (209.08 ± 15.71 cm2) -1.6
times to that in the younger seedlings. The leaf venation was pinnate camptodromous (festooned brachidodromous)
type. Vein-endings were straight or curved and unbranched. Two types of trichomes were seen – branched trichomes
and capitate glandular trichomes. The leaves were hypo-amphistomatic – paucistomatic dorsally and multistomatic
ventrally. The cotyledonary stomata were of paracytic type but on ventral surface of leaf five types of stomata (sensu
Prabhakar, 2004) - paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic were present; paracytic being the
most abundant and staurocytic the least. Stomata on dorsal side of leaf were rare and of paracytic type only along the
main vein. Both surfaces of leaf had capitate glandular trichomes (6.16 per mm2 on ventral surface and much infrequent
on the dorsal side). The number of stomata on ventral surface of the leaf tended to be normally-distributed amongst the
100 sampling fields of the microscope vision (each of 0.10174 mm2) at 45 x 10 X magnification. The mean density of
stomata per mm2 was 110.28 ± 2.07 (68.80 – 157.3; CV: 18.73%).
the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with
garden sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. Maximum germination was 50% achieved within a week. The
seedlings were studied when they were 20-day (younger) and 50-day old (elder). The seedling was of Phanerocotylar –
Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass in 20-day seedlings was in leaves and in 50-day seedlings in
leaves and hypocotylar stem. The major growth spur in seedlings during the 30-day period from 20th to 50th day was in
hypocotylar and epicotylar stem and root. Tap root had profuse laterals. Numerous root nodules 3.5 - 5mm in diameter
were present generally on the main root. Cotyledons were large, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex
outside with no visible venation. They were wholly consumed within 50 days after germination. Internode size reduced
from base to apex regularly. The hypocotyl was green, shining and provided with little prickles. Epicotyl is hairy. The
primary leaves were simple opposite, erect, glaucous dorsally and pubescent ventrally. The subsequent leaves were
pinnately trifoliate (ternate) with three leaflets. Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipules. Glanduliform
stiples present. Epicotyl was longer than hypocotyl. The total leaf area of elder seedlings was (209.08 ± 15.71 cm2) -1.6
times to that in the younger seedlings. The leaf venation was pinnate camptodromous (festooned brachidodromous)
type. Vein-endings were straight or curved and unbranched. Two types of trichomes were seen – branched trichomes
and capitate glandular trichomes. The leaves were hypo-amphistomatic – paucistomatic dorsally and multistomatic
ventrally. The cotyledonary stomata were of paracytic type but on ventral surface of leaf five types of stomata (sensu
Prabhakar, 2004) - paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic were present; paracytic being the
most abundant and staurocytic the least. Stomata on dorsal side of leaf were rare and of paracytic type only along the
main vein. Both surfaces of leaf had capitate glandular trichomes (6.16 per mm2 on ventral surface and much infrequent
on the dorsal side). The number of stomata on ventral surface of the leaf tended to be normally-distributed amongst the
100 sampling fields of the microscope vision (each of 0.10174 mm2) at 45 x 10 X magnification. The mean density of
stomata per mm2 was 110.28 ± 2.07 (68.80 – 157.3; CV: 18.73%).
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of... more
Seedling characteristics of Bauhinia racemosa Lamk. are described. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Reserve type. The total leaf area per seedling increased exponentially with age with relatively larger rate of leaf-areaincrement by the 40th day of seedling age. The major allocation of biomass in 60-day old seedlings was in leaves - 49.65%
of the seedling total dry mass (190.77 ± 34.47 mg). Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons were obovate large, green
fleshy and food laden. They were wholly consumed within around 50 days after emergence. From base to apex, first
internode was the largest one and internodal size of subsequent internodes reduced to nearly half of the first internode. The
hypocotyl was pale green, terete. Epicotyl hairy. The primary leaves were simple alternate, bilobed, pubescent ventrally.
Each leaf had small, green and linear-lanceolate stipule. Leaf apex obcordate and leaf base cordate – embayed in sinus.
Midrib extension (≤ 1mm) in the apical notch. Leaves and cotyledons showed photonastic movement. Epicotyl was longer
than hypocotyl but hypocotyl was thicker (generally twice) than epicotyl. The total leaf area of 60-day old seedlings was
(2256.57 ± 193.74 mm2). Cotyledons were 5-6(7)-nerved and leaves were 9-nerved. The cotyledonary and foliar venation
was brachidodromous type. The cotyledons and leaves were amphistomatic. The number of subsidiary cells associated with
different types of stomata varied from two to eight. Paracytic, anisocytic, anisotricytic, anomocytic and staurocytic types of
stomata were found on leaves and cotyledons (sensu Prabhakar, 2004). Abnormal stomatal types included a staurocytic type
with two abutting pores and other included a group of contiguous anisotricytic type of stomata with variously shaped
subsidiaries and the one anisotricytic stomata with two abutting pores. The epicotylar stomata were of paracytic type.
Stomata were comparatively smaller on leaf (c 13 μm) than on the cotyledons (c 18 μm). Seedling characteristics are
compared with available data for other Bauhinia species.
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden... more
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. The seeds were sown in surface layer of soil not below than 1 cm. Seedlings of 10- and 60 days were studied. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass in 10-day old seedlings was in cotyledons followed by leaves, roots and stem. Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons large, more or less sessile, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex outside, with no visible venation and retained with the seedling for some 50 - 60 days after emergence. The hypocotyl short, green, shining. Epicotyl longer, pubescent. The basal stem may sometimes be pruinose. The primary leaf simple, alternate. There is a great irregularity with respect to the first appearance of imparipinnate trifoliate leaf with ovate leaflets. It may arise after 2, 4 or 6-7 simple leaves. Leaf stipulate, apex acute (at times acuminate, basally obtuse. Aspect ratio 0.6 - 0.67. Venation brachidodromous. Angle of divergence (AOD) moderate between 1o and 2o veins and wide between 2o and 3o veins. Areole small and veinlets endings linear. There were four types of trichomes on very young stipules and leaves – 1) Short flat, bent near base, curved, brown, pointed-at-the-apex and unicellular, non-glandular trichomes, 2) Septate multicellular non-glandular trichomes, 3) Very long and thin non-glandular trichomes and 4) Stalked capitate uniseriate filiform non-glandular trichomes. Leaves multistomatic ventrally; dorsally generally devoid of stomata except few rarely. Stomata were identified on the basis of Prabhakar (2004). Paracytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata were present on the inner surface of cotyledon. Hypocotyl had paracytic stomata. Epicotylar stomata included paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and anisotricytic types where as paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic and tetracytic characterized the ventral surface of leaf. Paracytic type of stoma characterized P. pinnata and was common amongst all the organs. Abnormal stomata included paracytic stomata with common subsidiary and contiguous paracytic stomata with no subsidiaries. Paracytic hemitricyclic stoma was also present but very rarely. Stomata density on ventral surface of leaves averaged to 211.59 ± 2.60.mm-2 and anomocytic stomata were larger than the paracytic stomata.
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden... more
Seedling characteristics of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre are described. Its seeds were collected from a tree growing in the Campus of University of Karachi and germinated without any dormancy breaking treatment in pots filled with garden sandy loam soil maintained at 75% MWHC. The seeds were sown in surface layer of soil not below than 1 cm. Seedlings of 10- and 60 days were studied. The seedling was of Phanerocotylar – Epigeal Reserve type. The major allocation of biomass in 10-day old seedlings was in cotyledons followed by leaves, roots and stem. Tap root had profuse laterals. Cotyledons large, more or less sessile, green fleshy –food laden, concave inside and convex outside, with no visible venation and retained with the seedling for some 50 - 60 days after emergence. The hypocotyl short, green, shining. Epicotyl longer, pubescent. The basal stem may sometimes be pruinose. The primary leaf simple, alternate. There is a great irregularity with respect to the first appearance of imparipinnate trifoliate leaf with ovate leaflets. It may arise after 2, 4 or 6-7 simple leaves. Leaf stipulate, apex acute (at times acuminate, basally obtuse. Aspect ratio 0.6 - 0.67. Venation brachidodromous. Angle of divergence (AOD) moderate between 1o and 2o veins and wide between 2o and 3o veins. Areole small and veinlets endings linear. There were four types of trichomes on very young stipules and leaves – 1) Short flat, bent near base, curved, brown, pointed-at-the-apex and unicellular, non-glandular trichomes, 2) Septate multicellular non-glandular trichomes, 3) Very long and thin non-glandular trichomes and 4) Stalked capitate uniseriate filiform non-glandular trichomes. Leaves multistomatic ventrally; dorsally generally devoid of stomata except few rarely. Stomata were identified on the basis of Prabhakar (2004). Paracytic, anomocytic, staurocytic, tetracytic and anisocytic stomata were present on the inner surface of cotyledon. Hypocotyl had paracytic stomata. Epicotylar stomata included paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and anisotricytic types where as paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, staurocytic and tetracytic characterized the ventral surface of leaf. Paracytic type of stoma characterized P. pinnata and was common amongst all the organs. Abnormal stomata included paracytic stomata with common subsidiary and contiguous paracytic stomata with no subsidiaries. Paracytic hemitricyclic stoma was also present but very rarely. Stomata density on ventral surface of leaves averaged to 211.59 ± 2.60.mm-2 and anomocytic stomata were larger than the paracytic stomata.