Sulphur dioxide emissions

This work deals with IMO MARPOL 73/78 Annex VI Regulation 14 which refers to the reduction of sulphur emissions deriving from shipping operations. In view of upcoming limitations of sulphur content in marine fuels, this study examines three available retrofit technologies from a technical, a financial and an environmental perspective.

In order to provide comparable results, all three retrofit technologies are applied on an existing Model Ship. By doing so, the technical and operational feasibility of each retrofit was better assessed, while each alternative’s strong and weak points were surfaced. To estimate the magnitude of the investment as well as any extra operating expenses that would be required, all retrofits have been evaluated according to relevant information provided by operation records of the Model Ship.

Bunkering prices information was also collected to foresee future trends. However, due to the significant volatility of bunker prices it was chosen not to assume a single value for the price variables but rather create various price scenarios ranging from “best case” to “worst case” scenarios. These scenarios were believed to account for the majority of possible market price fluctuations within a reasonable range, and excluding any unforeseen international event that could materially impact the prices (e.g. natural disaster, war at a key geopolitical location, global financial crisis etc.).

Furthermore, all gathered technical and financial information and data were transformed to variables of “payback” equations which were then solved with only variable (parameter) being the ship’s sailing time within SECA waters. The solution of the equations provides comparative financial data which will be helpful for choosing optimum retrofit technology depending on the ship’s sailing and operation pattern.

Abstract— Levels of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide around roadside gardens in Port Harcourt metropolis were determined at 0m and 50m from road junctions using portable hand held Multi RAE PLUS (PGM-50), a programmable multi gas monitor with an electrochemical sensor for the detection of Sulphur dioxide and ITX Multi Gas monitor for the detection of Nitrogen dioxide. The results showed that the concentrations of NO2 and SO2 ranged from 0 – 0.3ppm in both seasons. The mean concentration of SO2 at 0m and high traffic density stations were higher than the mean concentration at 50m and low traffic density stations. The difference in mean concentrations between dry and rainy seasons, traffic density and distance were not significant for NO2 but significant for SO2. The concentration of NO2 and SO2 recorded at the study stations exceeded the permissible limits of 0.004ppm and 0.01ppm respectively, recommended by the Federal Ministry of Environment and therefore poses serious threat to the environment particularly small farms and gardens around major roads. The levels of NO2 and SO2 around the gardens were influenced by traffic density, seasonal variations and distances from major roads, therefore authorities should embark on sensitization and enlightenment campaigns; farming activities and raw consumption of exposed vegetables, crops and fruits should be discouraged in the study areas.

An Achilles’ heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to downfall are common.

I have prepared for you another provocative reflection on where this civilization is heading without a clearly defined plan to eliminate the causes and consequences of Climate change.

This document critically addresses the overestimation of some pillars/energy sources that have a strategic nature in energy production up to 2050. The strategy of moving from one unhealthy extreme based on fossil fuels to another extreme based on chaotic deployment of Renewables (at all costs) is starting to catch up with us and will catch up very quickly. Everything has its rules - even traffic; it does not exist in deploying Renewables.

I am pleased to read your opinions in the discussion on this document:
https://www.academia.edu/s/e955d48c66

Eco friendly and cost effective methods of green mediated synthesis of nanoparticles are the present research in the limb of nanotechnology. The present work leads to the synthesis of potassium-deficient (KV2O5) nanocuboid from 0.008 moles of Ammonium Meta-Vanadate and 0.002 mole of Potassium Oxalate added to aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum Sanctum which acts as reducing as well as capping agent. The characteristics of Potassium Vanadate nanoparticles were studied by using UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM and EDS. Ultraviolet scanning spectroscopy was used to detect the distinct absorption spectrum of KV2O5 nanoparticles. The peak value observed at 345 nm. The EDS spectrum of the KV2O5 nanoparticles confirmed the presence of elemental Potassium and Vanadium and pentavalent Vanadium was also determined by EDS in its oxide form. The size of synthesized nanocuboid lies between 50-200 nm. The catalytic activity of prepared nanoparticles was studied for the oxidation of SO2 to SO3.

This project was on the impacts of the new sulphur emission regulations that came into force in January 2015 in North Western Europe and their effects on coastal dry bulk shipping. This has been achieved by identifying the means of implementation along with their drawbacks, with particular attention paid to scrubbers. This was done by contacting European coastal dry bulk companies and port authorities to evaluate the situation and then, using available information, looking at the environmental impact of the reduction in sulphur emissions and what is expected to happen in the future. From here, the future of the coastal dry bulk market was analysed, with projections and possible scenarios of what is to be expected. From this, it was concluded that although coastal shipping will survive, smaller companies will struggle to stay afloat over the next decade, with the rise of capital-costs and operational costs push-ing up freight rates and making other modes of transport more attractive over sea-based transportation.

Air quality can be an important contributory factor to individuals’ wellbeing.  Analysis of European Social Survey (ESS) data finds a significant negative relationship between regional concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere and life satisfaction across Europe.

Abstract
This article examines the linkage between per capita GDP and sulphur dioxide emissions for one single country, in this case Finland. The narrow approach together with a combination of a historical and economical approach enables us to cut deeper into the controversial environmental Kuznets curve-hypothesis. We found the main reasons for a downturn in sulphur emissions to be: technological development and anxiety about possible environmental damage and economic costs related to that. It can be discussed whether our results refute the environmental Kuznets curve or just show possible ways in which the environmental Kuznets curve is achieved. Nevertheless our case study casts some serious doubt on the most straightforward assumption coming out from the EKC, that economic growth would automatically solve environmental problems. We claim that the causal connection might also go in an opposite direction: proper environmental standards and conservation comprise a necessary condition for economic growth in the long run.
Article Outline

1. Introduction
2. Emission Data
3. Technical Change and Regulation
4. Regression Analysis
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References

Considering the stalemate in climate negotiations since the Copenhagen climate conference in 2009, it is not likely that the global community can make a joint decision to step forward. Someone has to take the first step – showing the example.