Heat treatment is considered to be one of the most common methods in food drying. However, the problem with this conventional method is that the texture of the food sample is often altered from its original state, just like in brown rice.... more
Heat treatment is considered to be one of the most common methods in food drying. However, the problem with this conventional method is that the texture of the food sample is often altered from its original state, just like in brown rice. Superheated steam treatment system (SSTS) is introduced as an effective method to remove the moisture of the sample. In order to perform process control, a programmable logic controller (PLC), which served as the main controller, is employed to automate the process. To code the PLC program, combination of ladder logic diagrams (LLD), structured texts (ST) and function block diagrams (FBD) were employed using Omron CP1L. The developed controller is also adaptable to different SSTS setting parameters like pressure, temperature (through the temperature controller) and the speed of the transport or conveyorized-driven bed system (through inverter or variable frequency drive).
High yield monomeric tetrafluoroethylene may be recovered from polytetrafluoroethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene composites by pyrolyzing the polymer in the presence o high temperature steam. The steam acts as a condensable carrier gas... more
High yield monomeric tetrafluoroethylene may be recovered from polytetrafluoroethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene composites by pyrolyzing the polymer in the presence o high temperature steam. The steam acts as a condensable carrier gas for low molecular weight pyrolysis products and should be present in an amount such that the ratio of steam to pyrolysis products is at least one to one. The steam also acts as a means for heating the polymer to the necessary decomposition temperatures. This method is environmentally effective for the recycle of polymers.
Milk powders are considered as food ingredients and its intervention in the manufacture of many foods and all this exposed to high temperatures when it cooked. Many of changes accrue in physical and chemical properties of milk. In... more
Milk powders are considered as food ingredients and
its intervention in the manufacture of many foods and all this
exposed to high temperatures when it cooked. Many of changes
accrue in physical and chemical properties of milk. In this study
the changes in physical properties color, viscosity, density, P
H
and lipid stability peroxide oxidation value (POV) and total free
fatty acids (TFFA) was measured to reconstituted (WMP) whole
milk powder in relation thermal treatment using superheated
steam with different temperature and period time. The
temperature ranged from 150-210
°
C for 5-25 min. The result for
color showed in three different system (L, a, b). The superheated
steam show lower different to color at the high temperature 210
°
C and long time 25 min compare with control. At the viscosity,
density and P
H
the result of superheated steam showed clear
differences at temperature 150 and 210
°
C at long time 25 min.
About the lipid stability (POV peroxide oxidation value and total
free fatty acids) the result of POV to superheated steam do not
showed any significantly differences between sample heat
treatment compare with control at 150-180
°
C and that indicates
no any oxidation reaction occur between the fatty acids and
molecule oxygen in superheated steam. The result of total free
fatty acids content showed lower changer at the high temperature
210
°
C and long time 25 min but other sample no any
significantly different show compare with control. All the result
in this study showed stability of milk fat to reconstitute whole
milk powder and that will be lead to maintain of nutrition value
to milk fat during cooking
In the present work, the low-temperature degradation (LTD) behavior of undoped and copper oxide (CuO) doped yttriatetragonal zirconia polycrystals ceramics sintered at 1300°C was investigated. The zirconia samples were tested in three... more
In the present work, the low-temperature degradation (LTD) behavior of undoped and copper oxide (CuO) doped yttriatetragonal zirconia polycrystals ceramics sintered at 1300°C was investigated. The zirconia samples were tested in three different media i.e. superheated steam at 180°C/10 bar, refluxing conditions in 20% hydrochloric solution at 110°C and in hot air at 180°C to determine the effect of hydroxyl content in triggering the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation. The study found that the additions of CuO significantly reduced the rate of LTD phase transformation in all media tested. The undoped zirconia exhibited severe LTD when exposed to media containing 100% hydroxyl content. Although the CuO-doped samples were generally found to have better LTD characteristics, cross-sections of aged specimens (after 200 hours of exposure in superheated steam) revealed that very thin measurable monoclinic layers were developed. The presence of hydroxyl in the test media was found to have played a significant role in controlling the LTD of zirconia ceramics.
ABSTRACT Superheated heated steam was used to extract volatiles from thyme leaves and black pepper fruits. Steam and extracted volatiles are collected in a condenser and essential oils are separated from the collected mixture by solvents... more
ABSTRACT Superheated heated steam was used to extract volatiles from thyme leaves and black pepper fruits. Steam and extracted volatiles are collected in a condenser and essential oils are separated from the collected mixture by solvents and analysed by GC. Results show that the yield of extraction has an asymptotical evolution with time and increase with steam temperature and flow and it is higher for ground black pepper fruits. However, the quality of the extract is lower when the steam temperature is higher than 175 °C.
Superheated droplets are proven to be excelent detectors for neutrons and could be used as a neutron dosimeter. To detect accurately the volume of the vapour formed upon nucleation and hence to observe the nucleation quantitatively an air... more
Superheated droplets are proven to be excelent detectors for neutrons and could be used as a neutron dosimeter. To detect accurately the volume of the vapour formed upon nucleation and hence to observe the nucleation quantitatively an air displacement system has been developed.
