TGA-FTIR

Typical five MSW components (paperboard, PVC, sawdust, cotton fabric, and vegetables) were examined by using Py-GC/MS and TG-FTIR. Py-GC/MS experimental results showed different products at 500°C with varying percentage including benzene derivatives, phenolic compounds, acids, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, alkanes, and other compounds and revealed that the pyrolyzed organic content in different components varied by the temperature gradient. During rapid pyrolysis of PVC at 600-800°C, the yield of major plasticized pyrolysis products including benzene and toluene was significantly increased from 21.76 wt% to 39.45 wt% and 15.03 wt % to 22.33 wt%, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis also revealed the degradation and significant conversion of components at higher temperatures. Furthermore, to have a better understanding, mixed waste pyrolysis results were also compared with the calculated mixed waste results. The results disclosed the strong interactions between the PVC pipe and vegetables. In addition, the binary mixture of PVC with other components also promoted low-temperature pyrolysis. Besides, paperboard also showed strong interaction with sawdust and cotton clothes. TG-FTIR results disclosed that when the chemical composition and constituents of waste components are similar, the composition becomes the main influencing factor for mixed pyrolysis. In addition, a kinetic approach was also employed to determine the activation energy of MSW components during pyrolysis and the activation energy of the pyrolysis of vegetables was found to be in lower range with 82.85 E/(kJ·mol −1) in comparison with other components.

The present study deals with the treatment of simulated pulping effluent (pH = 11, and total organic carbon (TOC) = 1900 mg/L) by acid precipitation and coagulation-flocculation processes. The maximum TOC removal (= 4845 mg/g Al3+) from the effluent was found with Al2(SO4)3 coagulant. Addition of sufloc (a flocculant) improved the sludge settling significantly. Hydrolyzed mono- and polynuclear species generated from Fe and Al coagulants could have resulted in TOC removal. Thermal analysis of sludge showed release of gases like CO, CO2, HCHO, CH3SH and SO2 during combustion. Afterwards, the dissolved metal species in treated wastewater samples should be removed.

To eliminate the negative impacts of inorganic constituents during biomass thermochemical processes, leaching method by different diluted acid solutions was chosen. The different palm oil biomass samples (palm kernel shell (PKS), empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm mesocarp fiber (PMF)) were pretreated by various diluted acid solutions (H2SO4, HClO4, HF, HNO3, HCl). Acids with the highest degrees of demineralization were selected to investigate the dematerialization impacts on the biomass thermal characteristics and physiochemical structure. Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectroscopy (TGA-MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TGA-FTIR) were employed to examine the biomass thermal degradation. TGA and DTG (Derivative thermogravimetry) indicated that the maximum degradation temperatures increased after acid pretreatment due to the minerals catalytic effects. The main permanent evolved gases comprising H 2, CO2, CO were detected online during analysis. The major permanent gases produced at the temperature range of 250-750 °C were attributed to the condensable vapors cracking and probably some secondary reactions. The physiochemical structure change of the acid-treated biomass samples was examined by using Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and FTIR. The pyrolysis kinetics of the different palm oil biomasses were investigated using first order reaction model. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890414001988

The effects of two binders (PET and HTPB) on thermal decomposition characteristics of Ammonium Perchlorate were studied by TG-FTIR, DSC and SEM. When Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) mixes with AP, there is no obvious mutual effect in the process of heating, but it happen in the other way when Hydroxyl-terminated random copolyether (PET) mixes with AP. During the heating process of PET-AP mixture, the decomposition of PET occur in advance significantly, so that the porous structure of AP at the low-temperature decomposition stage becomes more significant, the total amount of heat released increases significantly, and the weight-loss ratio of AP about the two stages increases to about 2:1. During the thermal decomposition, the heat release and N2O gas production of PET-AP mixture is milder than the HTPB-AP, which is more conducive to the insensitive properties of propellant.

Thermogravimetric analysis has been employed in coal science to perform a number of characterizations including: proximate analysis, kinetics of weight loss, char reactivity, and gas adsorption measurements. A complementary technique, evolved product analysis, has been employed to study pyrolysis product distributions and kinetics, functional group compositions, and temperature programmed desorption.
We have developed a TG-FTIR instrument which combines thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with evolved product analysis by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR analysis of evolved products has advantages over mass spectroscopy in allowing analysis of very heavy products, and over gas chromatography in speed. To analyze coal, a sequence of drying, pyrolysis and combustion is employed to obtain: proximate analysis, volatiles composition,
volatiles kinetics, and relative char reactivity. The application of TG-FTIR to coal and petroleum source rock has recently been described. The purpose of this paper is to describe the most recent improvements in the apparatus.