Tannery waste water

Tannery waste waters decrease the quality of water bodies into which they are discharged is of large scale environmental concern. Disposition of tanning effluents e.g. Chromium (Cr) into the environment creates inauspicious outcomes by modifying the normal physiochemical properties of soil and water. It is determined that Chromium is the principal threat whenever tanning industry derives in to practice. Cr is extremely venomous and carcinogenic to humankind, animals, vegetations and as well overall environment. The paper was executed solely on secondary information by conferring literature informants including scientific journals, conference articles document and internet site that focused on the effects of tannery waste water and assessment of alternative treatment options used to reduce, removal, retrieve or reprocess Cr from the waste water. Effective management of tannery effluent is the need of the hour. Although a lot of treatment alternatives were assessed to preclude its effect on the environment, neither of them forced out Cr completely. In some cases researchers however successful enough practicing biotechnological methods to reduce the strength and fatal state of Chromium (e.g., Cr(Vl)). Hence, treatment alternatives are either; complex, energy consuming, expensive or applicable to a indisputable portions of the world due to engineering science or proficient work force requirement. Consequently, to tackle these important challenge demanding environmental ordinance with jurisprudence implementation has to be practiced to apply improve treatment scheme which is widely applicatory. Defilers must acknowledge the environmental cost of their manufacture and treated according to polluter pay or precaution precepts. Furthermore, the general public has to be aware of it and all concerned organizations and authorities have to work hard to accomplish zero discharge level or leastwise to gain the standard limit of Chromium discharge defined/ accorded by Environmental Protection Agency.

Tannery waste waters decrease the quality of water bodies into which they are discharged is of large scale environmental concern. Disposition of tanning effluents e.g. Chromium (Cr) into the environment creates inauspicious outcomes by modifying the normal physiochemical properties of soil and water. It is determined that Chromium is the principal threat whenever tanning industry derives in to practice. Cr is extremely venomous and carcinogenic to humankind, animals, vegetations and as well overall environment. The paper was executed solely on secondary information by conferring literature informants including scientific journals, conference articles document and internet site that focused on the effects of tannery waste water and assessment of alternative treatment options used to reduce, removal, retrieve or reprocess Cr from the waste water. Effective management of tannery effluent is the need of the hour. Although a lot of treatment alternatives were assessed to preclude its effect on the environment, neither of them forced out Cr completely. In some cases researchers however successful enough practicing biotechnological methods to reduce the strength and fatal state of Chromium (e.g., Cr(Vl)). Hence, treatment alternatives are either; complex, energy consuming, expensive or applicable to a indisputable portions of the world due to engineering science or proficient work force requirement. Consequently, to tackle these important challenge demanding environmental ordinance with jurisprudence implementation has to be practiced to apply improve treatment scheme which is widely applicatory. Defilers must acknowledge the environmental cost of their manufacture and treated according to polluter pay or precaution precepts. Furthermore, the general public has to be aware of it and all concerned organizations and authorities have to work hard to accomplish zero discharge level or leastwise to gain the standard limit of Chromium discharge.

The objective of this research was to produce prototype of an early warning system based on SMS for detection the rising level of ammonia gas in wastewater treatment of leather tanning industry. The systems consist of three parts, those were data input, data processing, and output. Ammonia gas sensor as a detector that produces an analog Direct Current (DC) voltage. Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) pin on the microcontroller received an analog DC voltage to be processed. ADC readings done through the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) while the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modem was used to send Short Massage Service (SMS). This early warning system worked by determining a threshold value. SMS would be sent to hand phone number of job holder, if the ADC value exceeded the specified threshold value. Result obtained was the ammonia gas sensor model are MQ137 based on SnO , Arduino Uno as 2 microcontroller module based on Atmega 328P microcontroller, and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Shield as GSM modem that compatible with the Arduino Uno R3 pin.

The aim of this research is to isolate and to identify the microorganisms that grow as activated sludge used in the tannery wastewater treatment plant. The result shows that the protozoa in the activated sludge were β mesosaprobik protozoa. Other microorganisms in the sludge were spherical – gram negative bacteria (Zoogloea) and cylindrical – gram positive bacterial (Sphaerotillus). It is therefore can be concluded that the wastewater which treated with the activated sludge was medium polluted condition. INTISARI Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikro organisme yang tumbuh sebagai lumpur aktif yang digunakan dalam pengolahan limbah cair industri penyamakan kulit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan protozoa yang tumbuh dalam lumpur aktif yaitu protozoa kelompok B mesosaprobik. Selain itu juga terdapat bakteri gram negatif berbentuk bulat (Zoogloea) danbakteri gram positif berbentuk batang (Sphaerotillus). bari isolasi dan identikasi jenis mikroorganisme yang adapadalumpur aktif dapat disimpulkan limbah cair yang diolah pada kondisi pencemaran tingkat sedang. ABSTRACT The aim of this research is to isolate and to identifu the microorganisms that grow as activated sludge used in the tannery wastewater treatment plant. The result shows that the protozoainthe activated sludge were B mesosaprobikprotozoa. Othermicroorganisms inthe sludge were spherical-gram negative bacteria (Zoogloea) and cylindrical-gram positive bacteria (Sphaerotillas). It is therefore can be conclucied that the wastewater which treated

Las aguas residuales de curtiembres conllevan un problema ambiental y de salud, debido a las altas concentraciones de contaminantes como el cromo, sulfuros, entre otros. Una forma de realizar el tratamiento de estas aguas es por medio del uso de microorganismos tales como las microalgas, debido a su capacidad de utilizar los compuestos inorgánicos y acumular metales y otras sustancias contaminantes. Esta capacidad podría verse magnificada con la inmovilización celular en diferentes matrices. En este artículo se presenta una evaluación de la capacidad de crecimiento y de remoción de nitrógeno, fósforo y cromo por parte de la microalga Scenedesmus sp., comparando la eficiencia entre las células libres e inmovilizadas en una matriz de esponja de Luffa. De esta manera, se obtuvo un mayor crecimiento en las células libres en comparación a las inmovilizadas, aunque sin diferencias significativas entre ambos experimentos. En ambos casos se observaron remociones superiores al 90% para NO–3 , NH+4, PO34 y cromo total, así como una reducción importante de la DBO y DQO (> 97 %) que puede deberse a efecto sinérgico con las bacterias presentes en los cultivos de la microalga. Finalmente, los porcentajes de lípidos en ambos casos fueron superiores al 20% indicando que esta biomasa podría presentar un alto potencial como materia prima para la generación de biodiesel.

En el presente Trabajo de Investigación Formativa (TIF) se estudió la efectividad que tiene el hongo Aspergillus niger como tratamiento para efluentes de curtiembres la cuales contienen Cr (IV). La metodología utilizada en este estudio fue de revisión bibliográfica la cual se dividió en 3 etapas (búsqueda de la información, organización de la información, análisis de la información) y con el procedimiento completado se procedió a redactar los resultados los cuales son una comparativa entre los resultados de la remoción de Cr (VI) de varios estudios. Finalmente se llegó a la conclusión que Aspergillus niger es una buena opción para remover Cr (VI) debido a su resistencia a este metal, bajo coste de producción y cultivo, y su baja probabilidad de proliferación espontanea en el ambiente. Por otro lado, los mecanismos que utiliza este hongo son desconocidos ya que lo único que se conoce es que lleva acabo los procesos de adsorción mas no como lo lleva a cabo, y el proceso de biodegradación que es completamente desconocido a día de la elaboración de este TIF.

In this Formative Research Project (TIF), the effectiveness of the fungus Aspergillus niger as a treatment for tannery effluents containing Cr (IV) was studied. The methodology used in this study was a bibliographic review, which was divided into 3 stages (search for information, organization of information, analysis of information) and with the procedure completed, the results were written, which are a comparison between the results of the removal of Cr (VI) from various studies. Finally, it was concluded that Aspergillus niger is a good option to remove Cr (VI) due to its resistance to this metal, low cost of production and cultivation, and its low probability of spontaneous proliferation in the environment. On the other hand, the mechanisms used by this fungus are unknown since the only thing that is known is that it carries out the adsorption processes but not how it does it, and the biodegradation process is completely unknown at the time of the elaboration of this TIF.

Abstrak Leather tanning waste water contains chemical compounds, such as chromium and NH4+ in high concentration, so if they are thrown away without treatment they will make some problems. The aims of this research is to adsorb the cations in leather tanning waste water i.e chromium and NH4+ used natural zeolite as an adsorbent. Research was done by comparing amount of chromium and NH4+ in effluent waste water treatment unit with amount of chromium and NH4+ after being adsorbed by zeolite in a batch system. The result of this research showed that efficiency difference between using zeolite and waste water treatment unit was significant. The optimal condition to reduce chromium and NH4+ was by using 300 grams per liter waste, zeolite particle size was 50-60 mesh, contact time was 24 hours and pH 8±0,1. In this condition, zeolites could reduce chromium from 3728,56mg/l to 365,39 mg/l or 90,20%, and NH4+ from 3040,02 mg/l menjadi 209,76 mg/l or 93,10%. Waste water treatment unit could reduce chromium 63,55% and NH4+ 56,75%.

Ž . Adsorption of Cr VI by various uncalcined and calcined layered double hydroxides LDH of Mg-Al, Ni-Al and Zn-Cr types was investigated. Adsorption of Cr O 2y through ion exchange 2 7 in uncalcined LDH is slower in rate and smaller in amount than in calcined one where the adsorption occurs via rehydration. The nature and content of bi-and trivalent metal ions in LDH influence the adsorption. Calcined Mg-Al LDH with higher Al 3q content in the precursor structure shows higher adsorption capacity. Adsorption is higher in the Mg-Al LDH than in Ni-Al and Zn-Cr LDH. A two-step first-order rate kinetics was observed for the adsorption process which follows the Freundlich-type adsorption isotherm. The explanation of adsorption phenomenon has been supported by X-ray diffraction patterns. The pH of initial Cr O 2y solution 2 7 has no affect on adsorption by calcined LDH. Release of Cr O 2y from the adsorbed product 2 7 depends upon the type of anion in the aqueous phase and CO 2y being the most effective ion. 3 Calcination of the Cr O 2y adsorbed product up to 12508C has not resulted in the formation of 2 7

Metals such as nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and potassium (K) are considered essential in trace amounts in water whereas they become harmful or toxic above a certain concentration. Inappropriate treatment of industry effluents e.g. tannery effluents is a major contributor to such water pollution. In the present study, tannery effluents were collected from three different polluted sites of the river Buriganga, Dhaka, and ground water in dry and rainy seasons. The elemental analysis of the samples was conducted using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The concentrations of Ni, Cd, Co, Cu, Zn, Pb and K of tannery effluents were found in the range of 0.08-0.77, 0.98-1.42, 0.11-9.75, 0.75-0.82, 0.006-0.54, 0.05-0.85 and 1.42-21.24 ppm respectively. Concentrations of most of the elements in the water samples were higher than the WHO standards and DoE standards for effluent treatment plants. The concentrations of different metals were varied with the seasons. The dry season had significantly higher contamination loads, which were decreased during the monsoon season. Anthropogenic activities, as well as the variation in river water flow during different seasons were the main reasons for this high degree of water pollution.