Yaoundé

Résumé
Considérant les résultats de nos enquêtes, plusieurs Yaoundéens ignorent l’existence des musées dans leur ville. Pourtant, leur importance dans la cité capitale et même dans tout le Cameroun n’est plus à démontrer. Cette triste situation émane incontestablement de nombreux problèmes qui minent ces institutions culturelles. Ces écueils rendent leurs existences et leurs avenirs très hypothétiques au point où, après leurs sorties des langes, leurs rythmes de vie nous rappellent tristement le chant de cygne.
Nous avons passé ces musées au crible en mettant en exergue les causes de ces divers dysfonctionnements. En nous basant sur des sources orales, écrites et sur certains manquements observés lors de nos multiples enquêtes, nous présentons en premier lieu les problèmes relatifs au personnel des musées. Nous enchaînons par la suite avec les défaillances observées dans l’organisation administrative avant de clôturer par les  ressources financières qui font cruellement défaut aux musées de Yaoundé la capitale du Cameroun. Voilà qui justifient le comportement chancelant de ces établissements culturels et constituent de véritables pesanteurs pour leur envol.
Notre but ultime est une fréquentation plus accrue des musées par toutes les couches sociales, la promotion de notre riche patrimoine culturel aussi bien à l’intérieur du triangle national qu’à l’extérieur. La professionnalisation des activités muséales dans notre pays reste la condition sans laquelle les vœux ci-dessus resteraient vains.

Mots clés : Musées, Difficultés, Yaoundé, Patrimoine culturel, Professionnalisme.
Nombre de mots : 262

Sous la plume de l'écrivain camerounais Patrice Nganang, c'est un statut de ​ ville-livre qu'acquiert Yaoundé, cadre par excellence de ses récits. Il n'est pas, en effet, un seul texte en prose de cet écrivain qui n'investisse la capitale politique du Cameroun, et que celle-ci n'investisse à son tour. De ​ "La Promesse des fleurs" à ​ "La Saison des prunes", en passant par "Temps de chien", ​ "La Joie de vivre", ​"L'invention du beau regard", et "Mont plaisant", la présence de la "ville aux sept collines" est tel qu'il n'est plus inapproprié de lui associer le nom Nganang, et donc de parler de la ​ Yaoundé-de-Nganang à côté de la Yaoundé-capital-politique-du-Cameroun​. Ainsi jaillit la problématique de la relation entre ces deux Yaoundé, de leurs interactions : quelles relations entretiennent-elles ? par quels marqueurs la Yaoundé-de-Nganang emprunte-t-elle à la Yaoundé-capitale-politique-du-Cameroun, et quelles transformations cette « Yaoundé littéraire » opère-t-elle sur la représentation que l'on peut se faire de la « Yaoundé réelle » ? Cet article, rédigé en 2014, a été publié dans un livre collectif dirigé par Kalidou Sy, ​ "Paroles de Ville : stratégie de l"inidisible" (Éditions universitaires européennes, 2017).

La Grande Palabre (LGP) désigne une série de conférences-débats sur des thèmes sociopolitiques dont trente-huit se sont tenues à Yaoundé. Elle constitue une tentative originale au Cameroun d’institutionnalisation d’un espace public au sens habermassien du terme et d’expansion d’une culture critique dont les origines remontent au moins aux luttes anticoloniales. Depuis sa création en février 2011, elle n’a cessé de prendre de l’ampleur en termes géographiques et d’activités annexes. Elle a continué d’exister, différemment, malgré l’interdiction illégale à Yaoundé de cinq séances par arrêté préfectoral, dont les quatre dernières successivement, notamment au motif que leur thème serait « de nature à perturber gravement l’ordre public ». Cet article retrace la création de LGP, sa place dans l’histoire de la culture critique camerounaise ainsi que les modalités par lesquelles cinq de ses sessions ont été interdites et les réponses des organisateurs. Ce faisant, l’on démontrera que la répression systémique peut être contrecarrée par la pression constante d’acteurs − individuels et collectifs − exerçant leur liberté, révélant à la fois les contradictions du pouvoir en place et les opportunités de résistance.

This dissertation explores possible links between environmental degradation and international migration. This research examines whether environmental change is an underlying push factor in the migration of Cameroonian women to Algeria. The researcher undertook a two-week field trip in Oran, Algeria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 Cameroonian migrant women. Additional information was also gathered during the field trip through an observational study, exchanges with informants and gatekeepers. A thematic analysis was used to identify and explore themes in the interview transcripts. This research concludes that environmental change was not an underlying push factor in this migration flow. It shows that the driver of migration was the intersection of the political, economic and social conditions in Cameroon and the difficult personal situation of these women. Also, this study found that social media creates and perpetuates illusions around the realities of migration. These illusions explain some of the pull factors in this migration flow.

Key words: Migration, Environment, Cameroon, Algeria, Women, Deforestation.

Full interview transcripts (Full Annex B of MSc Dissertation "Choquer sa route" - Why do Cameroonian Women Migrate to Algeria? A Case Study on the Causes of Migration in Oran, Algeria). Read dissertation here: http://bit.ly/2yxbp2M

All the following interviews were conducted in French. These transcripts represent a total of 473 mins (or 7 hours and 52 mins) of interview recording. The interviewer translated and transcribed all interviews from audio French directly into written English. The translation aimed to stay as close to the original meaning in French as possible. When several potential translations were possible, the interviewer chose the translation which most closely matched the context or what the interviewer believed the respondent meant. Due to challenges with translating, some words or sentences might not capture all the subtleties of what was originally said. It is possible that the subjectivity and interpretation of the interview might have slightly distorted the original meaning of what was said during the interviews. To clarify and preserve some of the important subtleties which would otherwise be lost in translation, some additional words have been included in braces (e.g. a black [woman]). The following interviews were not transcribed in their full integrality. Interruptions of the interview by another person; verbal tics; some redundancies in the speech; stuttering; when the interviewer or respondents were rephrasing what they were saying; when the interviewer or the respondent interrupted themselves to rephrase what they were trying to say; interjections which did not contribute to the interview; parts which were inaudible; brief exchanges between the interviewer and the respondent which had nothing to do with the interview; and some brief answers which didn't provide any valuable insights were omitted from the transcript for ease of reading. Only the interjections and non-verbal communication which provided a valuable insight into the respondent's response or into the interaction between the interviewer and respondent were included in the transcript. Braces were used to indicate non-verbal communications (e.g. [SIGH], [LAUGHS]). Some contextual information in braces was included in the transcript to help the reader understand some elements of the conversation (e.g. [about 75 euros], [in Oran]). This information is not extracted from the original recording. In other to protect the anonymity of the respondents for ethical reasons, and hide the identity of the interviewer for correction purposes, some elements of the conversation had to blanked. Therefore, names of people, names of organizations, job titles and locations which may enable one to identity the respondents, the gatekeepers or the interviewer were removed and replaced with the following indication in braces: [Name], [Location], [Job title] or [NGOX].

The need for the creation of more market spaces to respond to an increasing population demand has arisen strongly in Yaounde. Not only are they needed to meet up with demand but also to curb shopping distances as the city sprawls; accommodate seeking traders and ameliorate the trading environments. The main thrust of this paper is to examine the impact of rapid urbanization on the demand for the creation of more markets in Yaounde. Field surveys by questionnaire and interviews were the main tools of data collection. The study established an intricate relationship between urbanization and the creation of markets in Yaounde. From 1984 to 2013, there was a 63.6 % increase in the number of markets in the metropolis. Over 76.9 % of markets surveyed started in unplanned locations and were later relocated. Most of the markets were created in the 1960s and 1970s. This study suggests the need for the implementation of strong decentralisation policies to reduce urbanisation rates and lessen p...

Yaounde became political capital of Cameroon in 1909. Before this period Douala was appointed as capital in German rule, followed later by Buea. Before French colonial rules, many reason (volcanism at the foot of Cameroon Mountain in Buea, seism etc.) brought German and later French colonial power to preferred Yaounde to Buea and Douala. Since then, this small station became successively a cosmopolitan town of 1.500000 inhabitants in 2002. This formidable growth is the result of the conjunction of two main elements:- A yearly natural growth rate of the town (4%) greater than Cameroon demographic mean growth rate (2.3%).- The migratory balance rate of 4-5 % each year during 20 years. This paper focussed on the inordinate expansion of the city since its foundation as well as the analysis all the problems linked to this excessive enlargement.

The Lake Nyos disaster remains, to this day, the most significant crisis stemming from a natural disaster in Cameroon. It led to the improvement of risk management mechanisms and crisis, which a few years later found themselves subjected to another crisis resulting from human activity: the Nsam disaster. Although the hazards of these disasters were different, the management of these two events encountered the same problems because of several structural and organizational limitations, which tend to perpetuate the vulnerability of the populations in Nyos and Nsam, and maintain these systemic risks.

Less than 30% of households in Yaounde have direct access to pipe-borne water. It is important to generate a time series on quality and quantity of spring water, which is an alternative source of water. Accordingly, temporal variation of NO3 and dissolved oxygen (DO), lag time of springs recharge by rainfall, discharge of springs and annual discharge of water from the Akok-Ndoue catchment was evaluated. Eleven springs, 3 wells and 1 rain gauge were investigated for 24 months. Flow rate, electrical conductivity, water temperature, DO, pH, water level in wells, rainfall amount and major ions were measured monthly. Temporally, the months of March, April, September and October are when the springs and shallow wells are polluted by NO3. Spatially, springs at lower altitudes are also susceptible to NO3 pollution. Rainfall depths from 125 to 275 and >275 mm/month recharge springs after 1 to 2 months, and less than 1 month, respectively. Moreover, when rainfall amount is <100 mm, it takes about 2 months for the discharge of the springs to decrease to less than 0.2 l/s. The springs were of category 5-7 on the Meinzer’s classification scheme. Recharge was estimated at 50 mm/year and the springs showed a wide range of variability with discharge that decreased with increase in elevation.

Hormis la radio et la télévision publique nationale, aucun des médias audiovisuels camerounais n'est en règle. L'ouvrage propose un décryptage du flou constitutif du système de régulation des médias. Il démontre que la tolérance administrative est une technique de musellement des acteurs médiatiques jugés hostiles à l'establishment. Cette recherche analyse comment le pouvoir exploite l'opacité juridique qui règne dans ce territoire et met aussi en évidence les jeux tactiques de certains promoteurs afin de se déjouer du contrôle étatique.
cette approche s'inscrit dans le domaine scientifique de la sociologie politique des médias, du droit de la communication et parallèlement, de l'analyse communicationnelle des régimes de continuité autoritaires.

Yaounde became political capital of Cameroon in 1909. Before this period Douala was appointed as capital in German rule, followed later by Buea. Before French colonial rules, many reason (volcanism at the foot of Cameroon Mountain in Buea, seism etc.) brought German and later French colonial power to preferred Yaounde to Buea and Douala. Since then, this small station became successively a cosmopolitan town of 1.500000 inhabitants in 2002. This formidable growth is the result of the conjunction of two main elements:- A yearly natural growth rate of the town (4%) greater than Cameroon demographic mean growth rate (2.3%).- The migratory balance rate of 4-5 % each year during 20 years. This paper focussed on the inordinate expansion of the city since its foundation as well as the analysis all the problems linked to this excessive enlargement.

Less than 30% of households in Yaounde have direct access to pipe-borne water. It is important to generate a time series on quality and quantity of spring water, which is an alternative source of water. Accordingly, temporal variation of NO 3 and dissolved oxygen (DO), lag time of springs recharge by rainfall, discharge of springs and annual discharge of water from the Akok-Ndoue catchment was evaluated. Eleven springs, 3 wells and 1 rain gauge were investigated for 24 months. Flow rate, electrical conductivity, water temperature, DO, pH, water level in wells, rainfall amount and major ions were measured monthly. Temporally, the months of March, April, September and October are when the springs and shallow wells are polluted by NO 3 . Spatially, springs at lower altitudes are also susceptible to NO 3 pollution. Rainfall depths from 125 to 275 and &gt;275 mm/month recharge springs after 1 to 2 months, and less than 1 month, respectively. Moreover, when rainfall amount is &lt;100 mm, ...