The evolution of manufacturing power between China and the United States is crucial in transforming the world's economic geography and geo-economic order. Existing research that uses the value-added in exports to assess structural power ignores important dimensions of how power operates, and fails to analyze shifts in power from a relative power perspective. This paper, from a dual perspective of where power originates and how it operates, identifies two fundamental approaches to measuring structural power in the global manufacturing value-added trade networks. The latest Inter-country Input-Ouput (ICIO) tables are used to depict the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of manufacturing structural power in China and the United States from 2000 to 2020. The findings reveal that: (1) The power shift, characterized by 'China rising and the US declining', mainly manifests in China's import rather than export status in the global manufacturing value-added trade networks. The improved state of China's supply position has not significantly impacted the United States' role as a major exporter. Rather, the change in import status mirrors the comparative shift in domestic market standings between China and the US. (2) Significant disparities exist in the geographical distribution of manufacturing power between China and the United States. China's power landscape is gradually moving towards a state of 'equilibrium' and 'diversification'. In contrast, the US landscape presents the distinctive features of 'network sedimentation' and 'customer stickiness', making power transfer more difficult. (3) The spatial distribution of the key areas of power competition between China and the United States has shifted from a 'global dot dispersion' to a 'European agglomeration distribution'. The dynamics of their manufacturing power have evolved from a fluid restructure to a harmonized rivalry, positioning Europe as a central battleground. (4) The driving factors behind the transfer of manufacturing power have shifted from multiple factors, including geography and culture, to being predominantly driven by market demand. This highlights the importance of further expanding and opening domestic markets in the reorganization of global economic power. This study broadens the scope of structural power theory by introducing a novel measurement approach, providing a new perspective on power shifts and the reshaping of the world's economic geography.

Based on the 2010 and 2020 LandScan high-resolution global population distribution data as well as the sixth and seventh national census data, this article explores the relationship between polycentric structure, city size and economic performance of China's cities at prefecture level and above. Firstly, the ESDA method is used to identify urban centers, and two strategies are used to measure the urban polycentricity index; The promotion effect of polycentric structure on economic performance was systematically analyzed by two-stage least squares using multiple instrumental variables, and the differences in the impact of polycentric structure on economic performance across city sizes were explored; And finally the consistency and differences between the present paper and the previous papers in terms of the economic performance of the polycentric structure are demonstrated and discussed, and the method of adding interaction terms is used for the demonstration. It is found that: (1) China's cities are developing towards a polycentric structure between 2010 and 2020; (2) Both polycentric structure and larger city size can positively promote economic performance, and the conclusions are robust after the tests of replacing explanatory variables, explanatory variables, and shrinking the sample; (3) The impact of polycentric structure on economic performance differs significantly across city sizes, with smaller cities having insignificant impacts, while larger cities can significantly promote economic performance, but the positive promotion effect will be reduced as the size of the city expands; (4) Capital investment, institutional factors, industrial structure, transportation level, and foreign trade and economic level can positively promote economic performance to different degrees; (5) Improvements in the level of internet, communication and transportation all contribute positively to the economic performance of the polycentric structure, which can help to understand the differences between the findings of this paper and those of previous papers. This paper concludes that the formulation of urban spatial strategy should pay more attention to the city's own scale and development stage, based on the current situation of the city, and reasonably implement the multi-center development strategy; Urban spatial development should comprehensively consider the characteristics of the city, and adapt to local conditions and rational planning.

The construction of digital government stands as a cornerstone in the quest for national governance modernization and the holistic advancement of digital progress. This paper, for the first time, quantifies the extent of the digital government development level of 337 Chinese cities, encompassing all prefecture and higher-level administrations, spanning a period from 2017 through 2022. Utilizing comprehensive data extracted from work reports of local governments, this analysis delves into not only the temporal and spatial patterns of such developments but also the various factors that influence these trends. The findings of the study reveal that: (1) China's digital government development level shows a consistent year-on-year increasing trend with an average annual growth rate of 11.54%, with the fastest growth rate in public service capacity, followed by the security capacity, and finally the government transparency level. (2) Geographically, it presents a decreasing regional pattern in the eastern, central and western regions in terms of the digital government development level, and the gap between the western region and the other two regions is gradually widening. (3) It has significant spatial agglomeration characteristics, and the degree of this agglomeration gradually increases over the years. (4) It exhibits a clear "core-periphery" structure, where cities with higher digital government development levels are concentrated in the areas with higher administrative levels and five major urban agglomerations. (5) There is an absence of a trend towards convergence at the national level, but the internal differences within each of the three major regions have demonstrated a narrowing tendency. (6) The empirical analysis reveals that the economic development level emerges as a key factor affecting the digital government development level, and other influencing factors, including the urban population size, industrial structure characteristics, government fiscal capacity and network infrastructure, exhibit heterogeneous impacts on distinct government digital indicators and in different regional contexts. In conclusion, this study provides a new research perspective for measuring the digital government development level within China at the city level, which is of great significance for further understanding the characteristics of China's digital government development level and suggests several important policy implications.

In order to promote cooperation of green development between consumption-based cities and other regions which offer goods, it is significant to clarify the spatial sources of virtual water and embodied carbon in the context of dual circulation. This paper chose Beijing as a case study. Based on a nested multi-region input-output model, the spatial characteristics of Beijing's inflow of virtual water and embodied carbon through domestic and international trade were measured under the dual circulation perspective. In addition, the water-carbon stress of these regions and countries which offer outflow of virtual water and embodied carbon to Beijing was analyzed by the water stress and carbon stress indices. The following results were obtained. (1) Beijing relieved local water-carbon pressures by consuming external water-intensive or carbon-intensive products. Virtual water inflows accounted for 78.08% of the total water consumption from a consumption-based perspective. Similarly, embodied carbon inflows represented 84.96% of the total carbon emissions when viewed from the consumption side. The top five sectors in terms of inflows are those in which virtual water and embodied carbon inflows are concentrated, both within and outside Beijing. (2) Domestic trade was the main source of Beijing's inflow of water-intensive and carbon-intensive products. Domestic inflows of virtual water and embodied carbon accounted for 65.34% and 88.12% of the total inflows of virtual water and embodied carbon, respectively. (3) Beijing had a high concentration of spatial sources from virtual water and embodied carbon inflows through domestic and international trade. It was mainly affected by the spatial distribution of trade flows, trade structure, and water consumption and carbon emissions coefficient. The top ten provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities or countries in terms of virtual water and embodied carbon flows to Beijing accounted for more than 60% of the total domestic and international amount, respectively. (4) Most of the major sources of inflows, whether domestic or international, virtual water or embodied carbon, belong to regions or countries with high water-carbon stress. Based on the above results, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for consumer cities to attach importance to water conservation and carbon reduction governance and strengthen regional cooperation. It further promotes the realization of green and low-carbon development in consumer cities.

Urban emergency shelters are the places and facilities where the life and property of people are protected when and after disasters happen. A reasonable spatial layout of these places and facilities plays a crucial role in protecting the life of residents from major disasters such as earthquakes. With the main urban area of Nanjing as an example, mobile user portrait data are analyzed in this paper to obtain the information on daytime and nighttime distribution of urban populations. Travel time data are collected through path planning, and the accessibility of emergency shelters is calculated through the Gaussian two-step floating catchment area method. Also, the information on the number of people taking shelter is used to analyze the supply-demand ratio of emergency shelters. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) There is a clear spatial separation of work from residence as shown by the distribution of population in the main urban area of Nanjing, and the density of population is higher in the core urban area than in the outer urban area. The spatial difference in daytime population density is more significant than in nighttime population density, and the spatial layout of emergency shelters is closely related to population density. The emergency shelters accessible within 30 minutes cover a large number of residents whether during daytime or nighttime, showing a basically high overall efficiency of coverage. (2) The accessibility of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing is generally low, showing a relatively high level in the outer urban area better than in the core urban area. The fluctuation of accessibility during daytime and nighttime is generally insignificant, with a negative correlation shown between accessibility and population density. There is unevenness in the spatial distribution of accessibility of emergency shelters. (3) The overall supply-demand ratio of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing is low, showing a higher level in the outer urban area than in the core urban area. In the core urban area and Jiangbei district, it is imperative to strengthen the construction and layout optimization of emergency shelters. Finally, suggestions are made in this paper to solve the problems with the spatial layout of emergency shelters in the main urban area of Nanjing. One is to increase the overall number of shelters and the other is to optimize the layout of the existing ones.

The increasing frequency of extreme high-temperature events due to global climate change, particularly urban heatwaves, has significantly impacted daily urban activities like commuting and leisure, posing serious challenges to the sustainable development of cities. As cities continue to expand and climate-related risks intensify, the precise identification and evaluation of urban heat risks have become crucial for improving urban thermal comfort, ensuring public health, and guiding future urban planning efforts. This study presents a novel framework for urban heat risk assessment, utilizing the "activity-environment" spatiotemporal interaction perspective. Nanjing, a representative high-temperature city in China, serves as the case study. By integrating diverse big data sources—including mobile signaling data, social media data, and street view data—the research assesses heat risks in urban street spaces across three dimensions: heat exposure, heat sensitivity, and heat adaptation. Advanced clustering models are employed to identify and categorize streets with varying degrees of potential heat risks, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their characteristics. The key findings of the study are as follows: (1) There is considerable spatial heterogeneity in heat exposure and sensitivity within the street spaces of Nanjing's central urban area, with elevated risks particularly concentrated in the city center. However, spatial mismatches between heat exposure and sensitivity patterns are observed in specific districts, such as Xianlin and the Zijin Mountain-Xuanwu Lake area, indicating complex interactions between urban form and thermal risks. (2) Built environment factors exert a significant regulatory and adaptive influence on street heat risks. It was found that objective surface temperatures are more sensitive to variations in the built environment than subjective thermal perceptions, with street morphology and the presence of natural surroundings showing a strong correlation with heat exposure risks. (3) Cluster analysis of Nanjing's central urban street spaces reveals a complex heat risk landscape, which can be categorized into five distinct types. Each category presents different levels of risk across the dimensions of heat exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation, highlighting the importance of tailored urban planning interventions. This research not only provides a refined, street-level assessment of urban heat risks, but also offers valuable insights and practical implications for urban planners and policymakers seeking to enhance the thermal resilience and overall livability of city streets in the face of escalating climate challenges.

Since the reform and opening up in the late 1970s, the spatial structure of Chinese cities has been undergoing continuous and rapid changes. Few existing studies have quantitatively examined the spatial structure evolution pattern and model based on the perspective of urban construction entities. Therefore, focusing on Beijing as a case study, this research creates a database of urban construction entities and their spatial distribution using Construction Permits and enterprises' registration information from 2006 to 2021. Then this research applies a comprehensive spatial analysis method to quantitatively investigate the spatiotemporal differentiation patterns of multiple types of urban construction entities. The research finds that: (1) The government and private enterprises account for more than 85% of all urban construction entities. The spatial distribution of urban construction entities shows agglomeration characteristics. Nonetheless, variations exist in the features of urban construction entities' spatial pattern evolution, including aspects of expansion and contraction, as well as monocentricity and polycentricity. All entities have the characteristic of traffic proximity, and there are differences in their transportation dependence along with the changes in time and type. And those entities promote the change of spatial construction focus in Beijing. (2) Beijing's urban area exhibits three different phases: The first phase is the construction of functional expansion areas from 2006 to 2012. The second phase is the renewal and upgrading of core areas from 2012 to 2017. And the third phase is the centralized development of suburban areas from 2017 to 2021. Significant geographical and temporal heterogeneity is a defining characteristic of various types of urban construction entities. (3) The central zone has evolved from being dominated by the government and its shareholding enterprises to being dominated by both the government and market organizations. The suburban area has evolved from being dominated by a single urban construction entity to the balanced development of multiple urban construction entities. The spatial succession pattern of urban construction entities has clearly demonstrated plural participation and coordinated growth. Comprehending the development of urban spatial structure through the lens of urban construction entity typology facilitates the provision of decision-making assistance for the effective management and ideal arrangement of urban space.

Alcohol-based drinking consumption has increasingly become an important part of residents' daily leisure life. There is a geographical tradition cognition that people from northern China would have higher preference for drinking than those from southern China, but geographers have not provided scientific answers for this question yet. Starting from this gap, this study attempts to verify the existence of such a regional preference and further reveal its general impact factors of spatial distribution. This study uses Baidu keyword search indexes and Amap alcohol POI data to represent the alcohol-based drinking preferences in each city of China, by considering the interferences of the size of population, structure of population, average income of the citizens, and the prosperity of urban economies. In order to better understand the research results, this study frames the leisure preference of alcohol-based drinking consumption as the "Libai Index", which is composed of Libai expected consumption index and Libai actual consumption index. The results show that: (1) The sptial distribution of the Libai Index is inconsistent with the geographical tradition cognition of Chinese drinking behavior. The Libai Index does not show obvious north-south and east-west differentiation or follow the geographical distribution of the famous Hu Huanyong Line. The region with the highest preference is not the most economically developed cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, but the Sichuan-Chongqing region with Chengdu and Chongqing as the core. (2) In terms of natural environment, the lower the temperature is, the higher the Libai expected consumption index will be; the lower the temperature and the shorter the sunshine duration are, the higher is the Libai actual consumption index; however, precipitation, humidity and wind speed do not have significant impact on the two Libai indexes. (3) In terms of socio-economic environment, housing price level and night light are significantly positively correlated with the two Libai indexes. The findings of this study correct the traditional misunderstanding of the geographical distribution of alcohol-based drinking preference. It reveals the influence of natural environmental factors such as temperature and sunshine duration and social economic factors such as housing price and night light index on alcohol consumption. This work resonates with the neo-environmental determinism and affirms that this theory still has good explanatory power. At the same time, this paper is also a pro-active attempt for the utilization of multi-structure geo-data.

Tourism brand genes serve as fundamental elements for the construction and development of a tourism brand. This paper focused on the mismatch phenomenon between resource value and market demand in tourism brand construction among various cities of the Qingzang Plateau. Based on the brand gene theory, the research was conducted on 20 prefecture-level cities in this plateau. Utilizing special planning documents, historical materials from the resource orientation perspective and travelogue texts from the market orientation perspective over the past three years, the study employed methods such as LDA topic modeling, co-word analysis, and brand mismatch index to explore the composition of regional tourism brand genes in the study area from the "resource orientation-market orientation" perspective. Furthermore, the study analyzed the degree of mismatch and spatial differentiation characteristics between the dual perspective in brand genes. The results indicate that: (1) From the resource orientation perspective, the identification framework of regional tourism brand genes in the plateau consists of four gene dimensions including brand core genes, brand affiliation genes, brand hybridization genes, brand mutation genes and 14 gene sub-dimensions. (2) From the market orientation perspective, the identification framework comprises four gene dimensions and 13 gene sub-dimensions, with the addition of the "local cuisine" sub-dimension and the exclusion of "ethnic villages" as well as "festivals and events" sub-dimensions compared to the resource orientation perspective. (3) There is a significant mismatch between the tourism brand genes in the study plateau from the "resource orientation-market orientation" perspective, and the degree of mismatch in different gene dimensions varies across regions. Overall, branding efforts in various cities of the plateau are in a negative misalignment state, primarily oriented towards local resources in brand construction. By adopting the comparative perspective of "resource orientation-market orientation" to identify tourism brand genes in the study area and to explore the mismatch phenomenon between both of them, this study not only sheds light on the issues in brand development practices in various cities on the plateau but also enriches the theoretical framework of tourism marketing, focusing on the mismatch phenomenon of regional tourism brands.

Urban vertical growth has dramatically reshaped living spaces, exerting profound influences on the physical and psychological well-being of residents. In the context of the Healthy China Initiative, exploring the relationship between urban vertical growth and health outcomes is of paramount importance. This study dissects the pathways through which urban vertical growth impacts on residents' health, incorporating built environment variables as moderating factors in the dynamic interplay between building height and self-reported health status. Focusing on Hangzhou as a case study, the research uses built environment data and the 2023 urban health examination data set. Employing ordinal logistic regression, threshold analysis, and moderating effect modeling, the study verifies the mechanisms by which residential building height influences residents' self-report health. The study finds that: (1) The building height of Hangzhou is characterized by a "fluctuating decline" from the central area to the outer urban area. Residents' self-report health is low for those living in the area dominated by tall buildings, while that of residents living in the area with more short buildings and fewer tall buildings is high. (2) A significant nonlinear relationship exists between the average building height and residents' self-report health in the residential area, and it varies with the residential floor and building height of residents. When the residential floor or building height is short, the building height is negatively correlated with self-reported health. When the residential floor or building height is high, the building height is positively correlated with self-report health. (3) The built environment of residential area has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between building height and self-report health. For residents living above 3 floors, park square, road connectivity and land use mixed degree strengthened the positive effect of building height on residents' self-report health, while space openness weakened this effect. (4) The self-report health of different groups is affected differently by building height. The self-report health of young and middle-aged people living above the third floor, women, high income, floating population and non-childcare groups are more sensitive to the negative impact of building height, while the self-report health of young and middle-aged people living above the third floor, low income, local people and childcare groups are more sensitive to the positive impact of building height. This research aims to enrich the empirical studies in the field of health geography and provide a scientific basis for urban planning and construction to enhance residents' health.

Rural development has long been a pivotal concern in the pursuit of global sustainable development, and it remains a fundamental topic within the field of geography. This study provides a systematic review of the Western literature on rural development, with the objective of summarizing the theoretical evolution of rural development ideas and forecasting potential future research directions. The development of Western rural thought has undergone a significant evolution, transitioning from simplicity to complexity and from a singular to a diversified perspective. Over the past century, this body of thought has been shaped by extensive academic research and practical exploration, following a discernible trajectory of "discovering the rural-reshaping the rural-transcending the rural". This trajectory has led to the establishment of a multidisciplinary, multi-theoretical, and broad-based theoretical framework that continues to influence contemporary discussions on rural development. In the "discovering the rural" phase, the emergence of urban studies brought rural issues into focus, which subsequently led to the formulation of early rural development theories. This period was marked by an increasing awareness of rural phenomena and challenges that had previously been overlooked. Moving into the "reshaping the rural" phase, the transformation of rural societies, coupled with a resurgence of academic interest, led to a redefinition of the core tenets and characteristics of rural development thought. This phase emphasized the dynamic and transformative potential of rural areas in response to broader socio-economic changes. Finally, in the "transcending the rural" phase, Western scholars began to explore the concept of "non-rural rural areas," highlighting the blurring boundaries between rural and urban spaces and signaling significant breakthroughs in the objects, goals, and methods of rural development.Given the unique socio-historical context of contemporary China, it is imperative that future research prioritizes the study of China's rural geography and urban-rural governance. This research should aim to construct indigenous concepts and theoretical frameworks that reflect China's unique rural characteristics. Additionally, there is a need to challenge the dominant Western urban-centric paradigms by documenting and analyzing typical cases of rural development in China. By doing so, China can carve out a differentiated path of development that is deeply rooted in its agricultural heritage and aligned with its national priorities.

Rural areas have been transformed from the supply of agricultural and sideline products for urban and rural residents into leisure and vacation places for tourists. The tourism-led rural space commodification has redefined this trend and fact. To strengthen the explanatory power of this theory for the rural transformation practices in underdeveloped areas of eastern China and explore the superposition logic of core forces such as power, capital, resources, and markets on the spatial and temporal scales, we based on the Unified Process Model (RUP) in the field of computer science and in-depth theoretical analysis, constructed a two-dimensional RUP analysis framework suitable for the tourism rural space commodification situation, and proposed verifiable research hypotheses. Then, we conducted empirical research by taking Zhuquan village in Yimeng mountain area as a typical case. The analysis shows that since the beginning of the 21st century, Zhuquan village has experienced three stages: project initiation - pre-commodification, project construction - early commodification, project operation - advanced commodification, which is the result of the core forces such as characteristic resources, government power, enterprise capital and tourist market, resorting to historical events and constantly superimposed. With the gradual deepening of the tourism-led rural space commodification, the resource landscape of Zhuquan village has achieved innovation and renewal, spatial functions have become increasingly diversified, livelihood channels have shown a diversified trend, and the social and living environment has undergone significant changes. The article validates the applicability of rural space commodification theory to explain the fact of tourism driven rural transformation and reconstruction outside the metropolitan suburbs in developing countries, and proposes a new methodological framework for analyzing the core forces of rural space commodification through the logical occurrence of historical events, the methodological framework can explain the formation and evolution mechanism of rural space commodification effectively and clarify the behavior logic of active subjects more specifically. In addition, the article also paved the way for deepening the dialectical relationship between practice and theory of rural development. In summary, this research is expected to provide useful support for the feasibility of rural project, the optimization of development synergy, and even for the formulation of government intervention policies and other important local matters.

Afforestation and forest restoration in arid and semi-arid regions with sparse vegetation have strong carbon sequestration and ecological restoration capabilities. However, the effectiveness of carbon sequestration in these dry areas heavily depends on the spatial distribution of precipitation. To explore the dependency of carbon sequestration effectiveness on precipitation in arid region afforestation, this study takes Shaanxi province, China, as a case study. It utilizes a combination of geographic remote sensing technology, panel threshold regression, and partially linear functional coefficient panel data models to evaluate the effectiveness of afforestation carbon sequestration under varying precipitation conditions, focusing on both environment-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. The results indicate significant environment-effectiveness of afforestation carbon sequestration in Shaanxi. From 2000 to 2020, large-scale ecological restoration projects, primarily afforestation, were implemented across Shaanxi. As a result, the total vegetation carbon sequestration showed an overall upward trend, with the marginal contribution of afforestation carbon sequestration reaching 462.647 t/km². In the arid regions of the province, the marginal contribution was 512.868 t/km², 2.67 times higher than in humid areas. The panel threshold model showed that when precipitation ranged from 366.468 to 525.470 mm, afforestation carbon sequestration effectiveness was optimal, with a marginal contribution of 511.493 t/km². According to the partially linear functional coefficient panel data model, the environment-effectiveness of afforestation carbon sequestration in Shaanxi follows an inverted "U"-shaped pattern with increasing precipitation. The maximum marginal contribution, approximately 534.691 t/km², reaches a precipitation threshold of 495.539 mm. Beyond this threshold, environment-effectiveness diminishes due to reduced solar radiation in relatively wet areas, lowering vegetation carbon sequestration efficiency. In terms of cost-effectiveness, the cost of afforestation carbon sequestration tends to increase with higher levels of precipitation. Consequently, arid regions may offer greater cost advantages for such initiatives. The average cost in the arid regions of Shaanxi is 581 yuan/t, 16.29% lower than in humid regions. Therefore, it is crucial to respect the "forest-water-carbon" interaction dynamics, carefully assess regional characteristics, and leverage the environmental and cost advantages of afforestation in arid regions. By strategically planning and optimizing spatial afforestation activities, carbon sequestration benefits can be maximized, so as to promote sustainable land management and enhancing the overall ecological and economic value of these regions.

The Qinling-Daba Mountains are an important geographic-ecological transitional zone in China, developing diverse and unique forest ecosystems, whose forest ecosystems and carbon sequestration potentials are related to the regional ecological balance and the specific layout of the national dual-carbon policy. At present, the studies on forest aboveground biomass in this area have mainly focused on the local areas, such as Mt. Taibai, Mt. Shennongjia, Huoditang forest area, and the central part of the Qinling Mountains, or only focused on the biomass of a single or a few species, which resulted in fragmented results and could not comprehensively and accurately reflect the overall situation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) in this area. Therefore, this study utilized the 267 broadleaved forest samples obtained from the "Comprehensive Scientific Investigation of China's North-South Transitional Zone" to investigate the spatial distribution of broadleaved AGB and its environmental influencing factors. The results showed that: (1) Broadleaved forest AGB was low in the eastern Qinling-Daba Mountains and high in the central and western parts; two longitudinal distribution patterns were discovered for broadleaved forest AGB in this area, and one was that the biomass in the mountains located in the north and south of this area gradually increased from west to east, and the other was that the biomass in the central part (Longnan-Hanzhong-Shiyan) gradually decreased from west to east; and the latitudinal distribution pattern of broadleaved forest AGB showed a trend of "increasing-decreasing-increasing-decreasing" from south to north. The altitudinal distribution pattern showed a "first increasing-then decreasing" pattern with increasing altitude. (2) The pattern of broadleaved forest AGB was the result of the interaction between human activities and natural factors, and the influence of each environmental factor was manifested as temperature > terrain > HAI > precipitation, in addition to the factors that play an important role in the growth, development and distribution of plant, such as temperature, precipitation, and terrain, the influence of human activities (HAI) on the broadleaved forest AGB in the study area should be paid more attention. The results can provide support for research on forest ecosystems and their carbon storage capacity, climate change in the Qinling-Daba Mountains, and also provide scientific basis for national and regional ecological planning and environment-economy coordinated development.

Cargo insurance is a crucial means of risk management for logistics transportation, and also a fundamental guarantee for maintaining the resilience of the supply chain and the healthy development of the logistics industry. However, compared to other types of insurance, there is a significant lack of attention from various sectors of society and scholars toward freight insurance, and empirical research from a geographical spatiotemporal perspective is even rarer. This study constructs an evaluation index system for assessing the development level of cargo insurance. Then, based on the statistical data of urban cargo insurance, the Dagum Gini coefficient and kernel density estimation method utilized to analyze the unbalanced development pattern and dynamic characteristics of China's cargo insurance from 2005 to 2021. Additionally, Geodetector was employed to quantitatively identify its main influencing factors. The study reveals the following: (1) The overall development level of cargo insurance in China shows a fluctuating and slow growth trend, with varying degrees of growth in the eastern, central, and northeastern regions, and a declining trend in the western region. (2) The spatial unevenness and agglomeration of the development level of cargo insurance in China are significant, with high-level cities exhibiting a trend of agglomeration distribution in the first quadrant defined by the Bole-Taipei Line and the Hu Huanyong Line. (3) The overall spatial disparity of the development level of cargo insurance in China is stark and shows a continuous trend of exacerbation, primarily stemming from regional disparities. (4) Most cities in China have long been in a state of low-level development in terms of cargo insurance, with provincial capitals (including municipalities and sub-provincial cities) having a significantly higher level of cargo insurance development compared to prefecture-level cities. (5) The scale of foreign trade, market vitality, the number of market entities, freight volume, financial capital location quotient, economic level, and degree of economic openness are the main driving factors for the unbalanced development of cargo insurance in China. The interaction of influencing factors is evident, with the dimensions of insurance supply and market demand being important components of the dominant interactive factors. This study is expected to provide decision-making reference for the spatial layout optimization and high-quality development of China's cargo insurance industry, and to provide reference for insurance companies to formulate development strategies.

As a pivotal tactic in proactive policing, police stops are a widely utilized instrument employed by law enforcement agencies across nations to uphold societal security and deter criminal activity. However, there is no unified conclusion on whether police stops can effectively combat crime, and there is a lack of discussion on the spatial heterogeneity of their nonlinear relationship, with most studies focusing on Western countries. Consequently, this study takes the central district of a major city in China as an example, combines data on crime, police stops, ambient population, and points of interest (POIs). Utilizing the XGBoost machine learning model alongside the SHAP additive interpreter, this study delves into the spatio-temporal interplay between police stops and crime, unveiling their nonlinear relationship amidst spatial heterogeneity. The findings reveal that: firstly, the XGBoost model results show that the most important feature for crime prediction in the current week is the number of police stops in the previous week, followed by the ambient population and proportion of local population. Secondly, an analysis with the SHAP additive interpreter reveals that the number of police stops in the previous week exerts a negative impact on overall crime for this week, exhibiting a nonlinear relationship that peaks at a threshold of 5.0 standard values per week for police stops. Thirdly, when SHAP values were explored in conjunction with spatial distribution, the results showed spatial heterogeneity in the impact of police stops on street crime, indicating that most of the grids where the police stops of the previous week had a significant negative effect spatially corresponded to commercial centres with high foot traffic. On the other hand, most of the positively affected grids were spatially distributed in urban villages, passenger terminals, and railway stations, where complex movements of people occur. Finally, to validate the effectiveness of the hotspot policing experiment, consideration of crime non-hotspot areas was added. This study further discusses differences in police tactics between hotspot and non-hotspot areas. Increasing the intensity of police stops in hotspot areas can effectively curb crime, but an excessive number of police stops in non-hotspots of crime can weaken the deterrent effect of police stops on crime. The study's conclusions can inform decision-making to optimize police deployment spatially, and enhance resource efficiency, so as to enrich crime geography research in China.