The Art Teacher's Book of Lists

Chapter 1

Basic Information for the Art Teacher

1.1 Quotations About Art for the Classroom

1.2 Websites Especially for the Art Teacher

1.3 Acronyms for the Art Teacher

1.4 Art Definitions

1.5 Pronunciation Guide

1.6 Artists' Birthdays

1.7 Elements of Art

1.8 Principles of Design

1.9 National Visual Arts Standards (K–4)

1.10 National Visual Arts Standards (5–8)

1.11 National Visual Arts Standards (9–12)

1.12 Selected Glossary from the National Visual Arts Standards

1.13 The Big Idea

1.14 DBAE: Discipline-Based Art Education

1.15 Tips on Writing Art Lesson Plans

1.16 Sample Art Lesson Plan

1.17 Assessment Strategies

1.18 Creating a Scoring Guide

1.19 Accommodations in Art for Special Needs Students

1.20 Gifted and Talented Students in the Visual Arts

1.21 A Vital and Visible Art Program

1.22 Involve Families in Your Art Program

1.23 Public Relations and Photography Guidelines

1.24 Publicity Photography

1.25 Tips on Photographing Artwork: Digital or Film

1.26 Writing Art-Related Articles for Publication

1.27 Safety Reminders for the Art Room

1.28 Weight and Measure Equivalents

1.1 Quotations About Art for the Classroom

Students pay attention to art-related quotes hung in a classroom! Print them large, have them laminated, and put up fresh ones frequently (a quotation of the day or week could be a student responsibility). You do not always have to know who said it. One favorite for an art classroom is Use Your Mistakes!

Creativity is allowing yourself to make mistakes. Art is knowing which ones to keep.

Scott Adams, 1957, American Cartoonist (Dilbert)

Talent! What they call talent is nothing but the capacity for doing continuous work in the right way.

Winslow Homer, 1836–1910, American Artist

The way to get started is to quit talking and begin doing.

Author unknown

Only those who attempt the absurd will achieve the impossible. I think it's in my basement … let me go upstairs and check.

M.C. Escher, 1898–1972, Dutch Graphic Artist

Artists who seek perfection in everything are those who cannot attain it in anything.

Eugene Delacroix, 1798–1863, French Artist

To an engineer, good enough means perfect. With an artist, there's no such thing as perfect.

Alexander Calder, 1898–1976, American Sculptor

I'd asked around 10 or 15 people for suggestions. Finally one lady friend asked the right question, ‘Well, what do you love most?’ That's how I started painting money.

Andy Warhol, 1930–1987, American Painter (pop art)

I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it.

Pablo Picasso, 1881–1973, Spanish Artist

I begin with an idea and then it becomes something else.

Pablo Picasso, 1881–1973, Spanish Artist

A teacher affects eternity: he can never tell where his influence stops.

Hans Hofmann, 1880–1966, American Abstractionist

How important are the visual arts in our society? I feel strongly that the visual arts are of vast and incalculable importance. Of course, I could be prejudiced. I am a visual art.

Kermit the Frog

[Art is] a product of the untalented, sold by the unprincipled to the utterly bewildered.

Al Capp, 1909–1979, Cartoonist, Speaking on Abstract Art

The best things in life are silly.

Scott Adams, 1957, American Cartoonist (Dilbert)

1.2 Websites Especially for the Art Teacher

Because websites change browsers and addresses from time to time, no effort has been made to include all art-related websites. The institutional sites listed here could also be accessed by simply typing in the name on a search engine.

1.3 Acronyms for the Art Teacher

As art teachers, we certainly encounter these initials all the time, and probably have a good idea what they mean, but sometimes you want to know exactly what they mean. Labeling students with initials has become a convenient shorthand for teachers, but we must remember that the label is not the person.

1.4 Art Definitions

Art History Periods

Abstract Expressionism. A New York 1940s painting movement that rarely featured a subject; sometimes called action painting

Armory Show. An exhibit in New York in 1913 that introduced Paris-based Modernism to America

Art Deco. Applied design from the 1920s and 1930s derived from French, African, Aztec, and Chinese motifs; especially notable for architecture and crafts

Art Nouveau. An 1890s asymmetrical decorative style featuring sinuous forms based on objects found in nature

Arts and Crafts Movement. During the 1930s, a return to the hand-made decorative arts

Ashcan School. Paintings of everyday life in the city done by a group of painters of realism

Barbizon School. French landscape artists who worked near Barbizon, France, c. 1840s

Baroque. Detailed, swirling composition, diagonal lines, unusual viewpoints; period from mid-16th to mid-18th centuries

Bauhaus. A design school that existed in Weimar, Germany, from 1919 to 1933 until it was closed by the Nazis

Beaux-Arts. A tradition of the 19th and 20th centuries following principles of the French Academy

Byzantine. Stylized religious art of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 323–1453

Celtic Art. Art produced from c. 450 BC to c. 700 AD by the Celts; mostly portable objects

Constructivists. A Russian group of artists who wished to reflect modern machinery and technology working c. 1913

Contemporary Art. Generally defined as art produced during the second half of the 20th century onward; artists are usually living

Cubism. Natural forms changed by geometrical reduction

Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). A group of avant-garde German Expressionists

Die Brücke (The Bridge). German Expressionist painters from Dresden working c. 1905

Expressionism. The painting of feelings, sometimes with recognizable images, often totally abstract

Futurism. An Italian art movement that tries to show the rapid movement of machinery

Gothic. All Medieval art produced during the period between mid-12th and early 15th centuries

Impressionism. An outdoor painting technique that shows the changing effects of light and color

Italian Renaissance. Revival of classical art, literature, and learning based on humanism

Pop Art. Objects from commercial art and the popular culture transformed into artworks

Painting Terms

Acrylic. Pigment in a plastic binder medium; water-based paint that adheres to most surfaces

Aerial Perspective. The effect of distance or atmosphere shown through haziness or changes in color

Alla Prima. Paint applied to canvas in one coat instead of applied layer by layer

Atmospheric Perspective (in Painting). The change in color of objects in the distance

Breakfast Piece. 17th century Dutch still life that showed an interrupted meal

Chiaroscuro. The use of light and shadow to create a focal point or mood

Easel. A support for an artist's canvas during painting

Encaustic. Pigment is mixed with melted wax and resin, then the hot mixture is painted

Fresco. The technique of painting into freshly laid plaster (for example, Michelangelo's The Sistine Chapel)

Gesso. An under-painting medium made of glue, plaster of Paris, or chalk and water

Gouache. A watercolor medium made more brilliant by the addition of finely ground white pigment

Grisaille (Literally Gray). A painting in shades of gray, sometimes on the outside panels of an altarpiece

Horizon Line. The distant view where sky meets water or land at the artist's eye level

Illumination. The decoration of manuscript pages, often with gold leaf and brilliant colors

Impasto. The thick, textured build-up of a picture's surface through repeated applications of paint

Odalisque. Term used to refer to a painted reclining woman, from the word for a Turkish harem slave

Oil Paint. A powdered pigment held together with oil

Palette. A board on which an artist mixes paints; certain colors used by a specific artist

Romanticism. A type of painting that idealizes images, often with surrealistic or imaginative compositions

Sfumato. A soft, smoky, hazy appearance with blurred images

Still Life (Nature Morte). A composition featuring inanimate objects such as food or flowers and vases

Tempera. Painting pigment, mixed with water or egg yolk to apply

Tenebrism. An effect such as chiaroscuro, with most figures in shadow, yet others in a shaft of light

Triptych. A painting done in three sections hinged together

Trompe L'oeil (Fool the Eye). A painting so real that you want to touch the objects

Wash. Pigment diluted with water and applied to a painting surface to give a translucent effect

Watercolor. Pigment mixed with a binder and applied with water to give a transparent effect

General Art Definitions

Abstract. Not realistic, although often based on an actual subject

Academic Art. Traditional art teaching that follows proscribed rules; not experimental

Aesthetic. The science of the beautiful in art; defined by visual, moral, social, and contemporary standards

Altarpiece. A religious work of art placed behind the altar of a church

Analogous Colors. Colors closely related on a color wheel, e.g. red, red-orange, yellow

Applied Art. Design principles applied to functional objects such as clothing and fine crafts

Arabesque. Decorative technique that uses curving plant forms; frequently used in Islamic art

Artifact. Hand-made object that represents a particular culture or period

Asymmetrical. Different on either side of a central axis

Avant Garde. At the forefront of new developments in art

Balance. Equilibrium in a composition, either symmetrical or asymmetrical

Bas-Relief. Low-relief sculpture that projects slightly from a background

Batik. Dyed textile or paper that has a wax resist pattern applied with molten wax

Biomorphic. Art based on irregular abstract forms found in nature

Blockbook. 15th century books in which the text and illustration were cut from the same block of wood

Book of Hours. Illuminated Medieval books with prayers for specific times of the day

Book of the Dead. Painting and hieroglyphics on a papyrus scroll, placed in an Egyptian tomb

Bronze. An alloy of copper and tin used for sculpture

Burnish. To polish or rub to make something shiny

Calligraphy. Fine handwriting in ink with a quill, reed pen, or brush; follows specific rules or designs

Camera Obscura (Dark Room). A darkened box used as a drawing aid in the 16th century

Caricature. Character studies that usually exaggerate one or more features

Cartoon. Full-scale drawing for tapestry or wall painting or a humorous or satirical drawing

Cartouche. A vertical oblong lozenge shape that surrounds Egyptian names or a frame of the same shape

Carving. A subtractive method of sculpture; taking away wood or stone

Casting. Reproducing, in plaster, bronze, or plastic, an original piece of sculpture made of clay or a similar material

Center-of-Interest. The largest, lightest, darkest, or most important part of a composition

Ceramic. Any object made of clay and fired

Chalk. Calcium carbonate, used in gesso, mixed with colored pigment to make pastels

Classical. Originating in Greece and Rome; represents unadorned beauty

Cloisonné. An Asian technique for fusing ground glass to a metal surface decorated with thin metal strips

Codex. Cut-sheet manuscript rather than a scroll; bound into book form

Collage. A grouping of different textures, objects, and materials glued down

Color Wheel. A system of organizing hues in a circle that demonstrates primary, secondary, tertiary, analogous, complementary, and split complement color schemes

Complementary Colors. Colors at the opposite sides of a color wheel, such as red/green or yellow/violet

Composition. The manner in which the forms, lines, and colors of an artwork are arranged

Conté. A chalk stick available in black, gray, white, bistre (brown), sepia (dark yellowish brown), and sanguine (red)

Contour. An outline drawing of a form or object

Contrapposto. An S-curve or twist of the human figure caused by placing the weight on one foot

Cromlech. A circle of upright stones (dolmens) such as Stonehenge

Crosshatch. To create differences in value through a crossed series of parallel lines

Cuneiform. Characters written on clay tablets by the Mesopotamians; preceded hieroglyphics

Design. The organization of line, form, color, value, texture, and space in an eye-pleasing arrangement

Diptych. Two painted panels that are usually hinged together

Donor. A client or patron of an artist who donates an artwork to an institution; in altarpieces the donor and family were often included in the painting

Drawing. Usually a work in pen, pencil, or charcoal on paper

Earthworks. An artist-designed change in natural topography; a deliberate moving of earth

Easel. A support for an artist's canvas during painting

Eclecticism. The borrowing and combining of a variety of styles from different sources

Element. Artistic design considerations such as color, line, value, texture, shape or form, and space

Elongated. The deliberate vertical distortion of a figure; a form of stylization

Emphasis. A design principle that gives dominance to a particular area through color, size, or repetition

Enamel. Glass powder is fused to a metal surface through heating at high temperatures until it has permanently hardened

Figure. The human or animal form used in creating art, such as figure drawing

Foreshortening. The technique of distortion in perspective (for example, of the human figure) in order for the subject to appear three-dimensional

Frottage. Textural rubbing on paper done with crayon, oil, or pencil

Genre. A form of realistic painting of people that depicts ordinary events of the day; not religious, historical, or mythological

Gilt. A thin coat of gold leaf applied to the surface of a painting, frame, or architecture

Glaze. In ceramics, a glass-like coating that makes ceramics waterproof; in painting, to build up transparent layers of paint

Golden Section. A proportion (in painting) of roughly 8 to 13 that was considered by Renaissance masters to express perfect visual harmony

Highlight. A light area that represents the reflection of light (as in the eye of a model)

Hue. Pure color (such as red, blue, or yellow), a tint or shade of mixed colors

Illustration. An artwork developed to accompany a story, advertisement, or written text

Intaglio. Damp paper pressed into the inked etched or engraved lines of a metal printing plate

Kitsch. Artwork, often mass-produced, that goes beyond good taste

Kore. Stiffly standing archaic Greek female sculpture, clothed

Kouros. Archaic Greek male figure, unclothed

Landscape. A scenery painting; might also be a cityscape or seascape

Linear Perspective. A technical system that allows depth to be shown on a two-dimensional surface

Lithography. A printmaking method in which a metal plate or stone is drawn on with an oily crayon that resists water, yet holds the ink for printing

Lost-Wax (Cire Perdue). A method of creating a wax mold of a sculpture; the mold is heated to melt out the wax, which is replaced with molten metal

Maquette. A small three-dimensional model for a larger piece of sculpture

Mandorla. An almond-shaped background, enclosing a sacred figure

Medium. The material that is used in an artwork such as watercolor, oil, or pastel

Megalith. A huge block of natural stone, such as those in Stonehenge, sometimes arranged in lines or circles

Mobile/Stabile. Terms coined to describe work created by Alexander Calder; the mobile is a hanging, movable sculpture; the stabile rests on the ground, but may also have moving parts

Modeling. In sculpture, transforming clay or wax into a form; in painting, varying the colors to suggest a three-dimensional quality

Monochromatic. A color scheme that involves different values of a single color

Mosaic. Design or picture created by imbedding stones or pieces of glass on a floor, vault, or wall

Mural. A continuous painting made to fill a wall

Naturalism. Reality-based painting

Nonobjective. An abstract artwork not based on anything in reality

Papyrus. Marsh plant from which paper was first made in Egypt; a scroll painted on this material

Parchment. Thin tanned animal hide (often kid or lamb), used for illuminated manuscripts

Pastel. Pigment held together with a binder and pressed into stick form (dry or oil-pastel)

Perspective. A formal method of creating a three-dimensional effect on a two-dimensional surface

Pigment. Powdered earth, minerals, and chemicals, ground and mixed with a binder such as oil

Plein Air. Loose, fluid painting done outdoors, capturing effects of light and air

Pointillism (Divisionism). The application of pure color in small dots, allowing the eye to mix (such as red and blue dots side-by-side, which the eye sees as violet)

Polychrome. Many-colored

Polyptych. A painting that consists of more than three panels hinged together

Primary Colors. Red, yellow, and blue; may be mixed to make other colors but cannot themselves be mixed from other colors

Print. A work of art (usually on paper) created from a plate that has been transformed through a technique such as engraving, etching, or woodcut and then inked and transferred to paper

Psalter. A book of Psalms (thought to have been written by King David)

Putti. Nude male infants, often with wings, used in Classical and Renaissance painting

Realism. An artist's attempt to portray a subject as accurately as possible

Romanticism. A type of painting that idealizes images; often with surrealistic or imaginative compositions

Saturated Color. Hues undiluted with white, consequently deep and intense

Secondary Colors. Green, violet, and orange; the colors obtained by mixing primary colors

Sfumato. A soft, smoky, hazy appearance with blurred images

Stenciling. Applying paint to a wall or cloth surface through holes cut in metal or oiled cardboard

Still-Life. A composition featuring inanimate objects such as food or flowers and vases

Stylize. To abstract a form, leaving it with less detail, yet recognizable

Texture. The tactile quality of the surface, real or implied

Tone. Harmony in colors and values in an artwork

Values. Differences in the lightness or darkness of a hue

Vanishing Point. A term used in perspective; all lines lead to this point, which may be on or off the canvas

Vellum. Thinned calf hide, prepared for writing

1.5 Pronunciation Guide

Every attempt has been made to pronounce these names the way they would be in the artist's own language. The bold letters signify the accented syllable, when all the syllables are pronounced quickly.

Artists' Names

Albers, Josef, josef al burrs

Bosch, Hieronymus, her on e mus bosh

Botticelli, Sandro, sahn dro bot tuh chel lee

Boucher, Francois, frahn swah boo shay

Braque, Georges, zhorzh brock

Brueghel, Pieter, peter broy ghel

Caravaggio, Michelangelo, my kel an jel o car a vod jo

Cezanne, Paul, paul say zahn

Chagall, Marc, mark shah gall

Chardin, Jean Baptiste, zhon bahteese shar dan

Chirico, Giorgio de, georgee-o dee kee ree co

Dali, Salvador, sal va dor dah lee

Daumier, Honore, on o ray dough mee eh

David, Jacques Louis, zhock loo ee dah veed

Degas, Edgar, ed gar day gah,

Delacroix, Eugene, U-gen della crwah

Dufy, Raoul, rah ool doo fee

Durer, Albrecht, al brekt dur er

Eyck, Jan van, yon van ike

Fragonard, Jean Honore, zhan on o ray frag o nar

Gauguin, Paul, Paul go ganh

Gericault, Jean Louis, zhon loo ee zhay ree co

Giorgeone, jor jee oh nay

Giotto di Bondone, jot toe dee bon doe nee

Gogh, Vincent van, vin cent van go

Goya, Francisco de, frahn cees co day goy ah

Greco, El, ell greck o

Gris, Juan, whahn greece

Grunewald, Mathis, mah tis grewn vahlt

Holbein, Hans, hahns hole byne

Ingres, ang'r

Klee, Paul, Paul clay

Kokoschka, Oskar, oh-scar ko kosh ka

Kollwitz, Käthe, kat y call vits

Leonardo da Vinci, lay o nar doe da vin chee

Leyster, Judith, judith lie ster

Manet, Edouard, aid wahr mah nay

Mantegna, Andrea, an dray a mon tane ya

Martini, Simone, see mon ee mar tee nee

Massaccio, ma sot cho

Matisse, Henri, on ree mah teess

Medici, Giuliano de, jool yah no de may de chee

Medici, may dee chee

Michelangelo (Buonarotti), my kel an jel o bwoe na rot tee

Millet, Jean Francois, zhahn frahn swah mill ay

Mondrian, Piet, peet moan dree ahn

Monet, Claude, clowd mo nay

Munch, Edvard, ed vard moohnk

Picasso, Pablo, pab lo pea kass o

Pollaiuolo, Antonio, an tone ee o pal eye oo woe lo

Poussin, Nicolas, neek o lahs poos an

Raphael, raph ay ul

Redon, Odilon, o dee lawn r'dawn

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, pee air oh goost ren wahr

Rivera, Diego, dee ay go ree vay ra

Rouault, Georges, zhorzh roo oh

Rousseau, Henri, on ree roo sew

Ruisdael, Jakob van, yah cob ryes doll

Seurat, Georges, zhorgh sir ah

Toulouse Lautrec, Henri de, on ree de too looze low trek

Velazquez, Diego. dee ay go vay las kez

Vermeer, Jan, yahn ver mere

Warhol, Andy, and ee wohr hohl

Watteau, Jean Antoine, zhon on twon wah toe

Techniques

casein, case-een

chine collé, sheen cole ay

gesso, jess o

gouache, gwahsh

intaglio. in towl yo

Miscellaneous

Art Nouveau, ar nu vo

Bauhaus, bough house

Beaux-Art, bows are

Champs Elysees, shahns eh lee zay

chiaroscuro, key are o skoo ro

cloisonné, cloy zon nay

douanier, dwahn yay

fauve, fove

genre, jahn reh

magi, may-jigh

Notre-Dame, no-treh dahm

objet d'art, obe zhay d ar

plein air, plen-air

putti, put ti

Savonarola, sahv on a roll a

sfumato, sfoo-mah-to

triptych, trip tick

trompe l'oeil, trome p'loil

Uffizi, you feet zee

Titles of Paintings

Der Blaue Reiter, dehr blah way right er

Grand Jatte, La, grahnd jhot

Guernica, gwere nee ka

Icarus, ik are us

Lascaux, lass ko

Las Meñinas, lahs men yeen ahs

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, lay dem wah zel dahv een yone

Mona Lisa, moan a lees a

Montefeltro, Federigo, fay day ree go dah moan te fell tro

Mont Sainte-Victoire, mawn sant veek twah

Moulin Rouge, moo lan roozh

Pieta, pea ay tah

Primavera, La, lah pree ma vay ra

Sabine, say byne

1.6 Artists' Birthdays

Students enjoy identifying with artists who were born in the same day or month as they were. When the opportunity arises, have a birthday party for an artist, dividing a class into groups and putting students in charge of planning appropriate clothing (party hats?), decorations, food, and activities.

January

1. Bartolomé Murillo, 1618; Paul Revere, 1735

2. Ernst Barlach, 1870

4. Marsden Hartley, 1877

5. Yves Tanguy, 1900

6. Gustave Doré, 1832

7. Albert Bierstadt, 1830

10. Barbara Hepworth, 1903

11. Alexander Calder, 1870

12. John Singer Sargent, 1856; Jusepe Ribera, 1588

13. Jan van Goyen, 1596

14. Berthe Morisot, 1841

15. Jaune Quick-to-See Smith, 1940

19. Paul Cezanne, 1839; Cindy Sherman, 1954

23. Edouard Manet, 1832

24. Robert Motherwell, 1915

26. Barbara Kruger, 1945

28. Jackson Pollock, 1912; Claes Oldenburg, 1929

29. Barnett Newman, 1905

30. Bernardo Bellotto, 1720

31. Max Pechstein, 1881

February

1. Thomas Cole, 1801

3. Norman Rockwell, 1894

4. Fernand Leger, 1881; Manuael Alvarez Bravo, 1902

5. Alison Saar, 1956

8. Franz Marc, 1880

12. Max Beckmann, 1884; Eugene Atget, 1857

13. Grant Wood, 1892

17. Raphaele Peale, 1774

18. Louis Comfort Tiffany, 1848

20. Elie Nadelman, 1882; Ansel Adams, 1902

21. Constantin Brancusi, 1876

22. Rembrandt Peale, 1778; Horace Pippin, 1888

23. Tom Wesselmann, 1931

24. Winslow Homer, 1836

25. Pierre A. Renoir, 1841

26. Honoré Daumier, 1808

27. Joaquin Sorolla, 1863

29. Balthus, 1908

March

1. Oscar Kokoschka, 1886; August Saint-Gaudens, 1848

4. Sir Henry Raeburn, 1756

5. Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1696

6. Michelangelo Buonarotti, 1475

7. Piet Mondrian, 1872; Milton Avery, 1893

9. David Smith, 1906

12. Elaine de Kooning, 1920

13. Alexej von Jawlensky, 1864

14. Reginald Marsh, 1898; Diane Arbus, 1923

16. Rosa Bonheur, 1822

17. Kate Greenaway, 1846

19. Josef Albers, 1888; Georges de La Tour, 1593

20. George C. Bingham, 1811

21. Hans Hofmann, 1880

22. Anthony van Dyck, 1599

23. Juan Gris, 1887

24. John Smibert, 1688; Edward Weston, 1886

25. Gutzon Borglum, 1867

27. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1886; Edward Steichen, 1879

28. Grace Hartigan, 1922

30. Francisco de Goya, 1746; Vincent van Gogh, 1853

31. John La Farge, 1835

April

2. Max Ernst, 1891

4. Edward Hicks, 1780

5. Jean Honoré Fragonard, 1732

6. Raphael, 1483; René Lalique, 1860

7. Gerard Dou, 1613

9. Eadweard Muybridge, 1830; Victor Vasarely, 1908

10. Kenneth Noland, 1924

12. Robert Delaunay, 1885; Imogen Cunningham, 1883

13. James Ensor, 1860

15. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452; Elizabeth Catlett, 1919; Charles Willson Peale, 1841

16. Elisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, 1755

18. Max Weber, 1881

20. Joan Miró, 1893

22. Odilon Redon, 1840

23. J.M.W. Turner, 1775

24. Willem de Kooning, 1904; Bridget Riley, 1931; John T. Biggers, 1924

25. Karel Appel, 1921; Cy Twombly, 1928

26. Eugene Delacroix, 1798; Dorothea Lange, 1895

27. Samuel F.B. Morse, 1791

May

1. George Inness, 1825

4. Frederic Edwin Church, 1826; Keith Haring, 1958

7. Deborah Butterfield, 1949

11. Salvador Dalí, 1904

13. Georges Braque, 1882

15. Jasper Johns, 1930

18. Walter Gropius, 1883; Janet Fish, 1938

19. Jacob Jordaens, 1593; Gaston Lachaise, 1886

21. Albrecht Durer, 1471; Henri Rousseau, 1844

22. Mary Cassatt, 1844

23. Franz Kline, 1910

24. Philip Pearlstein, 1924

27. Georges Rouault, 1871

30. Alexander Archipenko, 1887

31. Ellsworth Kelly, 1923

June

1. Red Grooms, 1937

3. Raoul Dufy, 1877

5. Thomas Chippendale, 1718

6. Diego Velasquez, 1599

7. Paul Gauguin, 1848; Damien Hirst, 1965

8. Sir John Everett Millais, 1829; Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867

9. Pieter Saenredam, 1597; Meta Warwick Fuller, 1877

10. Gustave Courbet, 1819; André Derain, 1880

11. John Constable, 1776; Julia Margaret Cameron, 1815

12. Annie Albers, 1899

13. Christo, 1935

14. Margaret Bourke-White, 1906

16. Jim Dine, 1935

17. Charles Eames, 1907; M.C. Escher, 1889

21. Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1859

23. Carl Milles, 1875

24. Robert Henri, 1865

25. Sam Francis, 1923; Antonio Gaudi, 1852

27. Philip Guston, 1913

28. Peter Paul Rubens, 1577

29. Robert Laurent, 1890

30. Allan Houser, 1914

July

2. André Kertesz, 1894

3. John Singleton Copley, 1738

6. Frida Kahlo, 1907

7. Marc Chagall, 1887

8. Käthe Kollwitz, 1867; Artemisia Gentileschi, 1593

9. David Hockney, 1937

10. Camille Pissarro, 1830; J.A.M. Whistler, 1834

12. Amedeo Modigliani, 1884; Andrew Wyeth, 1917

14. Gustav Klimt, 1862; Edmonia Lewis, 1845

15. Rembrandt van Rijn, 1606

16. Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1723

17. Camille Corot, 1796; Berenice Abbott, 1898

18. Gertrude Kasebier, 1852

19. Edgar Degas, 1834

20. Lazló Moholy-Nagy, 1895; Nam June Paik, 1932; Judy Chicago, 1939

22. Edward Hopper, 1882; Alexander Calder, 1898

24. Alex Katz, 1927

25. Thomas Eakins, 1844

26. George Catlin, 1796

28. Beatrix Potter, 1866; Marcel Duchamp, 1887

29. Jenny Holzer, 1950

30. Giorgio Vasari, 1511; Henry Moore, 1898; Betye Saar, 1926

31. Jean Dubuffet, 1901

August

2. John Sloan, 1871; Arthur Dove, 1880

4. John Twachtman, 1853

5. George Tooker, 1920

6. Andy Warhol, 1928

7. Emile Nolde, 1867

10. William M. Harnett, 1848

11. Martin Johnson Heade, 1819

12. George Bellows, 1882

13. George Luks, 1867

17. Larry Rivers, 1923

19. Gustave Caillebotte, 1848

20. Eliel Saarinen, 1873; Eero Saarinen, 1910

21. Aubrey Beardsley, 1872

22. Jacques Lipchitz, 1891; Henri Cartier-Bresson, 1908

24. George Stubbs, 1724; Alphonse Mucha, 1860

26. Hale Woodruff, 1900

27. Man Ray, 1890

28. Morris Graves, 1910

29. J.A.D. Ingres, 1780

30. Jacques Louis David, 1748

31. Georg Jensen, 1866

September

1. Yasuo Kuniyoshi, 1893

2. Romare Bearden, 1911

3. Louis Sullivan, 1856

7. Grandma Moses, 1860; Jacob Lawrence, 1917

10. Sir John Soane, 1753

12. Ben Shahn, 1898; Richard Hunt, 1935

13. Robert Indiana, 1928

15. Antoine Louis Barye, 1795

16. Jean Arp, 1887; Carl Andre, 1935

18. Mark de Suvero, 1933

21. Hans Hartung, 1904

23. Paul Delvaux, 1897; Louise Nevelson, 1899

25. Francesco Borromini, 1599; Mark Rothko, 1903

26. Theodore Gericault, 1791; Lewis W. Hine, 1874

28. Caravaggio, 1573

29. François Boucher, 1703

October

1. Larry Poons, 1937

3. Pierre Bonnard, 1867

4. Giovanni Battista Piranesi, 1720; Jean François Millet, 1814; Frederick Remington, 1861

5. Maya Lin, 1959

8. Faith Ringgold, 1930

10. Antoine Watteau, 1684; Benjamin West, 1738; Alberto Giacometti, 1901

12. Al Held, 1928

17. Childe Hassam, 1859

18. Canaletto, 1697

19. Umberto Boccioni, 1882

20. Aelbert Cuyp, 1620; Sir Christopher Wren, 1632

21. Katsushika Hokusai, 1760

22. Robert Rauschenberg, 1925

25. Pablo Picasso, 1881; Arshile Gorky, 1904

27. Roy Lichtenstein, 1923

28. Andrea della Robbia, 1435; Francis Bacon, 1909

30. Alfred Sisley, 1839

31. Johannes (Jan) Vermeer, 1632; Meindert Hobbema, 1638; Richard Morris Hunt, 1827

November

1. Benvenuto Cellini, 1500

3. Walker Evans, 1903

4. Gerrit van Honthorst, 1590

5. Philips Koninck, 1619; Washington Allston, 1779; Raymond Duchamp-Villon, 1876

7. Francisco de Zurbaran, 1598

8. Charles Demuth, 1883

10. William Hogarth, 1697; Sir Jacob Epstein, 1880

11. Paul Signac, 1863; Edouard Vuillard, 1868

12. Auguste Rodin, 1840

14. Claude Monet, 1840; John Steuart Curry, 1897

15. Georgia O'Keeffe, 1887; Wayne Thiebaud, 1920

17. Agnolo Bronzino, 1503; Isamu Noguchi, 1904

18. Louis Daguerre, 1787

21. René Magritte, 1898

23. José Orozco, 1883

24. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1864; Cass Gilbert, 1859

26. George Segal, 1924

27. José de Creeft, 1884

29. James Rosenquist, 1933

30. Andrea Palladio, 1508; Adriaen van de Velde, 1636; Sam Gilliam, 1938

December

2. Georges Seurat, 1859

3. Gilbert Stuart, 1755

4. Wassily Kandinsky, 1866

5. Walt Disney, 1901

6. Frederic Bazille, 1841

7. Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1598; Stuart Davis, 1894

8. Aristide Maillol, 1861; Diego Rivera, 1886

9. Roy deCarava, 1919

10. Adriaen van Ostade, 1610

12. Edvard Munch, 1863; Helen Frankenthaler, 1928

15. David Teniers II, 1610

17. Paul Cadmus, 1904

18. Paul Klee, 1879

20. Pieter de Hooch, 1629

21. Masaccio, 1401

22. Jean Michel Basquiat, 1960

23. John Marin, 1870

24. Joseph Cornell, 1903; Ad Reinhardt, 1913

25. Raphael Soyer, 1899; Louise Bourgeois, 1911

29. David A. Sequeiros, 1896

30. W. Eugene Smith, 1918

31. Henri Matisse, 1869

1.7 Elements of Art

Line

Line is the path of a moving point. Following are some variations in line.

Form: 3-D: height, width, and depth.

Shape: 2-D: is the area enclosed by an outline

realistic.

geometric

abstract form

idealized form

naturalistic

nonrepresentational

amorphous form

biomorphic

Texture

Real textures: those which can be felt

Implied textures: painted or drawn textures

slick, smooth, rough, velvety, satiny, bumpy

Value

Value: differences in a hue or neutral ranging from the lightest to darkest, for example, white to black.

Space

Space organizes elements in a composition:

Color

1.8 Principles of Design

According to National Visual Arts Standards, the standards of design are repetition, balance, emphasis, contrast, and unity.

Repetition

Repetition is the use of line, color, or a motif, in more than one place in a composition.

Pattern is created through a repetitious use of the same element to create an overall design.

Rhythm is the repeated use of similar elements such as color, line, or shape—the smooth transition from one part to another.

Balance

Balance is the equilibrium of various elements in the work of art.

Symmetrical or formal balance: equal balance on each side of an imaginary middle line

Asymmetrical or informal balance: balance achieved through unequal distribution on each side of an imaginary middle line

Emphasis

Emphasis is given to a center of interest, which might be the largest, brightest, or lightest subject.

Contrast

Contrast shows differences between the elements of art, which are line, color, shape, value, space, and texture.

Unity

Unity is the harmony of all the visual elements in a composition.

Proportion is the pleasing relationship of all parts to each other and to the whole of the design.

Variety consists of differences in scale, surface, line, value, and shape that give interest to a composition.

1.9 National Visual Arts Standards (K–4)¹

The National Visual Arts Standards apply to three different age groupings of students. The Standards are goals designed to help students achieve visual literacy and develop new skills through varied experiences. These Standards were developed by and for art teachers and are living, vital guidelines, as applicable today as when they were created.

Content Standard #1: Understanding and Applying Media, Techniques, and Processes

Achievement Standards:

Students know the differences between materials, techniques, and processes.

Students describe how different materials, techniques, and processes cause different responses.

Students use different media, techniques, and processes to communicate ideas, experiences, and stories.

Students use art materials and tools in a safe and responsible manner.

Content Standard #2: Using Knowledge of Structures and Functions

Achievement Standards:

Students know the differences among visual characteristics and purposes of art in order to convey ideas.

Students describe how different expressive features and organizational principles cause different responses.

Students use visual structures and functions of art to communicate ideas.

Content Standard #3: Choosing and Evaluating a Range of Subject Matter, Symbols, and Ideas

Achievement Standards:

Students explore and understand prospective content for works of art.

Students select and use subject matter, symbols, and ideas to communicate meaning.

Content Standard #4: Understanding the Visual Arts in Relation to History and Cultures

Achievement Standards:

Students know that the visual arts have both a history and specific relationships to various cultures.

Students identify specific works of art as belonging to particular cultures, times, and places.

Students demonstrate how history, culture, and the visual arts can influence each other in making and studying works of art.

Content Standard #5: Reflecting upon and Assessing the Characteristics and Merits of their Work and the Work of Others

Achievement Standards:

Students understand there are various purposes for creating works of visual art.

Students describe how people's experiences influence the development of specific artworks.

Students understand there are different responses to specific artworks.

Content Standard #6: Making Connections between Visual Arts and Other Disciplines