Military Instructors Manual

Sherman.

Introduction.

The officer of to-day has big problems to face at short notice. His training has necessarily been so intensive that he cannot absorb a large amount of it. He has little time to make out schedules or even to look over the hasty notes he may have made during his training period, yet he finds himself facing problems which force him to immediate action.

This book so condenses and systematizes general military instruction and the work done at Plattsburg so that it may be easily utilized in training other troops. No broad claim for originality is made except in the arrangement of all available material; the bibliography makes acknowledgment to all texts so utilized. Besides bringing helpful reminders to new officers regarding the elements of modern warfare, much of the material will be found of radical importance, as it is practically new and never before condensed. Since under the new army organization the platoon leader virtually has assumed the roll of a captain of a company, it is not enough for him to know simply his own part; he must be ready with all the information that his non-commissioned officers and men should know, and more important still, he must know how to teach them. Having little or no time to work over and digest for himself this mass of new material pouring in upon him, the officer may find in this book, material condensed and already arranged.

It is hoped that this work will serve to recall to many officers, valuable points of military training which would otherwise be lost, to them in the mass of notes never looked at since the day they were made. More than this, every reader will find help in planning his work, saving thereby precious hours already too full of necessary duties, and will find fresh material for progress in the game of war.

It is the purpose of this book to help men who are in the service of the United States, and through them to share in bringing victory.

CHAPTER 1.

Schedules.

Schedule Of Instruction, Reserve Officers' Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., August 27 to September 1, 1917

Schedule Of Instruction, Reserve Officers' Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., September 3 to September 8, 1917

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., September 3 to September 8, 1917—(Concluded)

[A] As prescribed by Senior Grenade Instructor.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., September 10 to September 15, 1917

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., September 10 to September 15, 1917—(Concluded)

[B] As prescribed by Senior Grenade Instructor.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., September 17 to September 22, 1917

[C] As prescribed by Senior Instructor in Sketching.

September 24-29, 1917. Construction Of Trenches.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 1 to October 6, 1917.

[D] Per Bayonet Program.

[E] Per schedule Senior Instructor Musketry Training.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 1 to October 6, 1917—(Concluded)

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 8 to October 13, 1917.

[F] Per Bayonet Program.

[G] Rifle, pistol, machine gun, estimating distances, etc., as prescribed by Senior Instructor Musketry Training.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 8 to October 13, 1917—(Concluded)

[H] To include conferences and critique on the ground of exercise conducted.

October 15-17, 1917. Construction Of Trenches.

October 18-19, 1917. Occupation Of The Trenches From 8.00 a.m. October 18, 1917 To 8.00 a.m. October 19, 1917.

October 20, 1917. 7.30 a.m.-11 a.m. Conference Of Trench Occupation, 11 a.m. Inspection.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 22 to October 27, 1917

[I] Per Bayonet Program.

[J] Rifle, pistol, machine gun, estimating distances, etc., as prescribed by Senior Instructor of Musketry Training.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 22 to October 27, 1917—(Concluded)

[K] To include conferences and critique on the ground of exercise conducted.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 29 to November 3, 1917

[L] Per Bayonet Program.

[M] Rifle, pistol, machine gun, estimating distances, etc., as prescribed by Senior Instructor of Musketry Training.

Schedule Of Instruction, Plattsburg Training Camp

Plattsburg, N.Y., October 29 to November 3, 1917—(Concluded)

[N] To include conferences and critique on the ground of exercise conducted.

[O] During the week each Battalion will be given ½ day's instruction in camouflage under direction Senior Engineer Instructor.

Schedules.

November 5th-9th, 1917.

Infantry Drill Regulations, 2 hours.

March in full kit, 2-½ hours.

Signaling, ½ hour.

Physical drill, 2-½ hours,

Bayonet, 2-½ hours,

Machine gun instruction, 7-½ hours.

Field fortification, 10 hours.

Conferences, 10 hours.

Study, 10 hours.

In the study and conferences the following will be taken up:

Manual of Courts-Martial—pp. 305 to end.

First Aid.

Personal Hygiene.

Camp Sanitation.

November 12th-17th, 1917.

Physical, drill, 2-½ hours.

Bayonet drill, 2-½ hours.

Battalion ceremonies, 1-½ hours.

Battalion march, full kit, 2-½ hours.

Field fortification and trench warfare, 23 hours.

Study and conferences, 10 hours.

In the study and conference's the following will be taken up:

Trench Warfare.

Grenades

Gas Attack and Defense.

Communication.

November 19th-23rd, 1917.

Physical, drill, 2-½ hours.

Bayonet drill, 2-½ hours.

Infantry Drill Regulations, 2-½ hours.

Company administration and Army regulations, 40 hours.

Ceremonies, parades and reviews, 5 hours.

CHAPTER 2.

Infantry Drill Regulations.

The greatest lesson of the present war is that the keynote of success is discipline. In trenches the direct control of the men is even less than in extended order in open warfare, and only thoroughly disciplined troops with a trusted leader can hope to succeed.

The successful officer will show anger or irritation only in rare cases, and then by design: he will know his men individually and be as considerate of them as possible, ready to do himself what he asks to have done; just in administering punishments; clear in giving his commands and insistent that they be carried out promptly; he will learn from drilling his men the quickest way a desired result can be accomplished, and to give the necessary commands in the most effective manner.

He will read his Infantry Drill Regulations through each month and will always find something that he never knew or has forgotten. He will always consult it before going to drill. In explaining movements he will use blackboard diagrams in conferences. On the field he will take the fewest possible men and have movement executed by the numbers properly before the other men. Then have all the men go through the movement a number of times.

The object of each exercise or drill should be explained to the men whenever possible.

Success in battle is the ultimate object of all military training.

School of the Soldier.

Instruction Without Arms.

The object of the facings and marchings is to give the soldier complete control of his body in drills so that he can move easily and promptly at any command.

Attention.

Position Of Attention.—This is the position a soldier assumes when in ranks or whenever the command attention is given.

In the training of anyone nothing equals the importance of a proper posture; it is the very foundation upon which the entire fabric of any successful training must be founded.

Instructors must persist in the development of this position until the men assume it from habit.

At the command, 1. Company (Squad, etc.), 2. Attention, the following position is assumed:

1. Heels Together And On A Line.—If the heels are not on a line, the hips and sometimes even the shoulders, are thrown out of line.

2. Feet Turned Out Equally, Forming An Angle Of 45 Degrees.—If the feet are not turned out equally, the result will be the same as above.

3. Knees Extended Without Stiffness.—Muscles should be contracted just enough to keep the knees straight. If locked, men tire easily and faint if at attention a long time.

4. The Trunk Erect Upon The Hips, the spine extended throughout its entire length; the buttocks well forward.

The position of the trunk, spine and buttocks is most essential. In extending the spine the men must feel that the trunk is being stretched up from the waist until the back is as straight as it can be made.

In stretching the spine the chest should be arched and raised, without, however, raising the shoulders or interfering with natural respiration.

5. Shoulders Falling Naturally and moved back until they are square.

Being square, means having the shoulder ridge and the point of the shoulder at right angles to a general anterior-posterior plane running through the body. They should never be forced back of this plane, but out rather in line with it.

6. Arms Hanging Naturally, thumbs against the seams of the trousers, fingers extended, and back of hand turned out.

The arms must not be forcibly extended nor held rigidly; if they are, a compensating faulty curve will occur in the lumbar region.

7. Head Erect, Chin Raised until neck is vertical, eyes fixed upon some object at their own height.

Every tendency to draw the chin in must be counteracted.

8. When this position is correctly assumed, the men will be taught to incline the body forward until the weight rests chiefly upon the balls of the feet, heels resting lightly upon the ground.

When properly assumed, a vertical line drawn from the top of the head should pass in front of the ear, shoulder and thighs, and find its base at the balls of the feet.

Every tendency toward rigidity must be avoided; all muscles are contracted only enough to maintain this position, which is one of co-ordination, of physical and mental alertness, that makes for mobility, activity and grace. A man who faints standing at attention has not taken the proper position.

Rests.

Position Of Rest And At Ease.—When men are standing at rest or at ease they must be cautioned to avoid assuming any position that will nullify the object of the position of Attention. Standing on one leg, folding arms, allowing shoulders or head to droop forward, must be discountenanced persistently until the men form the habit of resting with feet separated but on the same line, hands elapsed behind the back,—head, shoulders and trunk erect, (m.p.t., pp. 21 and 22.)

Fall Out.—Leave ranks.

Rest.—One foot in place. Can talk.

At Ease.—One foot in place. Silence.

Parade Rest.—Do not slouch down on right foot. Keep chest well up.

Eyes Right, 2. Front.—Have it snappy.

Right Face.—To face in marching and advance, turn on the ball of either foot and step off with the other foot in the new line of direction. (Do not confuse with the ordinary command, Right Face.)

Right Half Face.—45 degrees, used to show position in Right Oblique.

About Face.—Have weight well back. Not necessary to move right foot after turn is made.

Hand Salute.—Manner of rendering is index to manner in which all other duties are performed.

Forward March.—Shift weight to right foot, mentally.

Double Time, March.—Tendency to go too fast. Time it. 30 steps in 10 seconds. Take one step quick time, then take up double time.

Mark Time, March.—Given as either foot strikes the ground. To resume full step, Forward, March.

Half Step, March.—All steps and marchings executed from a halt, except Right Step, begin with left foot.

Right Step, March. Backward, March.—Executed in quick time only and at trail, without command. 15 inch Step.

Squad, Halt.—Given as either foot strikes the ground.

By The Right Flank, March.—Step off with right foot.

To The Rear, March.—Given as right foot strikes the ground. If marching in double time, turn to the rightabout taking 4 steps, in place, in cadence, and step off with left foot.

Change Step, March.—Being in march; given as either foot strikes the ground.

Manual of Arms.

Purpose.—To make the man so accustomed to the rifle that he handles it without a thought.

Eight rules govern the carrying of the piece. See paragraph 75, Infantry Drill Regulations.

Six rules govern the execution of the manual. See paragraph 76, Infantry Drill Regulations.

Commands and Cautions.

Order, Arms.—See that all the fingers of the right hand are around the piece.

Present, Arms.—Left forearm horizontal and against the body.

Port, Arms.—Right forearm horizontal. Left forearm against the body.

Right Shoulder, Arms.—Insist on an angle of 45 degrees. Trigger guard in hollow of shoulder. Right hand does the work.

Left Shoulder, Arms.—Right hand in next to last position grasps small of stock.

Parade, Rest.—Left hand grasps piece just below stacking swivel. Right foot straight back 6 inches.

Trail, Arms.—Piece at angle of about 30 degrees, about 3 inches off the ground.

Rifle Salute.—Left forearm horizontal.

Fix Bayonet.—Parade Rest and resume order after bayonet is fixed.

Unfix Bayonet.—Parade Rest and resume order after bayonet is unfixed.

Inspection Arms.—Be sure men glance down in chamber and keep hold of bolt handle.

Parade, Rest can be executed only from order arms, and the command Attention follows Parade, Rest.

Any movement not in the manual, e.g., Right, Face, breaks the execution of movements by the numbers. The number of counts in the execution of each command must be remembered.

Distinguish between raise and carry and throw.

School of the Squad.

Object.—To give basic element, the squad, its first lesson in team work.

Team work wins battles just as it does football games.

Avoid keeping men too long at the same movement.

Composition Of Squad.—7 men and a corporal. Never less than 6 nor more than 11 men.

Fall In.—Instructor 3 paces in front of where center is to be.

Fall Out.—If under arms, always preceded by Inspection Arms. Does not mean dismissed.

Count Off.—Right file front and rear do not execute eyes right. Front and rear rank men count off together.

Inspection Arms.—

Right Dress, Front:

Company Commander must establish base file or files before giving the command Right Dress.

Right flank men remain facing to front.

Be sure first four men are on desired line and rest of company can easily be made to conform.

Right guide may be established at any point desired and at command Right Dress all march to their proper positions without other command, and at the trail.

Have men beyond base files step forward until one pace beyond where new line is to be and then dress back on line established.

Guide Right.—Keep head and eyes off the ground. Close in or open out gradually.

Take Interval, To The Right, March, Squad, Halt.—(At command To the Right) Rear rank falls back 60 inches. At March, all face to right and leading man of each rank steps off, followed by the others at four-pace intervals, rear-rank men marching abreast of their file leaders. When halted all face to the front.

To Reform, Assemble To The Right (Left), March.

Take Distance, March.—1-2-3-4 front rank, 1-2-3-4 rear rank, 4-pace intervals. Guide in each four is right.

Assemble, March.—No. 1, Front rank stands fast.

Stack Arms.—Piece of even number front rank: butt between his feet, barrel to front. Even number rear rank passes piece to file leader.

Take Arms.—Loose pieces are returned by even numbers front rank. If No. 2 of rear rank is absent, No. 1 rear rank takes his place in making or breaking stacks and resumes his post. Pieces are never stacked with bayonet fixed.

Oblique, March.—Taught from Right half face. Half faced to front after obliquing, Forward,