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    Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II
    Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II
    Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II
    Ebook364 pages3 hours

    Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II

    By Narottam P. Bansal

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    About this ebook

    This issue contains 13 papers from The American Ceramic Society’s 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, held in Daytona Beach, Florida, January 24-29, 2016 presented in Symposium 3 - 13th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials, Science, and Technology and Symposium 14 – Single Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical, and Medical Applications.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherWiley
    Release dateJan 31, 2017
    ISBN9781119320180
    Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II

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      Book preview

      Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II - Mihails Kusnezoff

      Preface

      The 13th International Symposium on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC): Materials, Science, and Technology and Crystalline Materials for Electrical, Optical and Medical Applications symposium were held during the 40th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Ceramics and Composites in Daytona Beach, FL, January 24–29, 2016. These symposia provided an international forum for scientists, engineers, and technologists to discuss and exchange state-of-the-art ideas, information, and technology on various aspects of solid oxide fuel cells and crystalline materials for electrical, optical, and medical applications. This CESP issue contains 15 papers submitted by authors of these two symposia for inclusion in the meeting proceedings.

      The editors wish to extend their gratitude and appreciation to all the authors for their contributions and cooperation, to all the participants and session chairs for their time and efforts, and to all the reviewers for their useful comments and suggestions. Financial support from The American Ceramic Society is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due to the staff of the meetings and publications departments of The American Ceramic Society for their invaluable assistance.

      Advice, help and cooperation of the following members of the international organizing committee at various stages were instrumental in making these symposa a great success.

      13th International Symposium on SOCFs: Vincenzo Esposito, Tatsumi Ishihara, Ruey-Yi Lee, Nguyen Minh, Prabhakar Singh, Federico Smeacetto, Jeffry Stevenson, Toshio Suzuki, Sascha Kuhn, Scott Barnett, and Kristen Brosnan

      Crystalline Materials: Noboru Ichinose, Didier Chaussende, Edith Bournet, Gisele Maxwell, Qiang Li, Alain Largeteau, Toru Ujihara

      We hope that this volume will serve as a valuable reference for the engineers, scientists, researchers and others interested in the materials, science and technology of solid oxide fuel cells and crystalline materials for electronic applications.

      Mihails Kusnezoff

      Fraunhofer IKTS, Germany

      Narottam P. Bansal

      NASA Glenn Research Center, USA

      Kiyoshi Shimamura

      National Institute for Materials Science, Japan

      Introduction

      This collected proceedings consists of 104 papers that were submitted and approved for the proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (ICACC), held January 24–29, 2016 in Daytona Beach, Florida. ICACC is the most prominent international meeting in the area of advanced structural, functional, and nanoscopic ceramics, composites, and other emerging ceramic materials and technologies. This prestigious conference has been organized by the Engineering Ceramics Division (ECD) of The American Ceramic Society (ACerS) since 1977. This year’s meeting continued the tradition and added a few grand celebrations to mark its 40th year.

      The 40th ICACC hosted more than 1,100 attendees from 42 countries that gave over 900 presentations. The topics ranged from ceramic nanomaterials to structural reliability of ceramic components, which demonstrated the linkage between materials science developments at the atomic level and macro level structural applications. Papers addressed material, model, and component development and investigated the interrelations between the processing, properties, and microstructure of ceramic materials.

      The 2016 conference was organized into the following 17 symposia and 5 Focused Sessions:

      The proceedings papers from this conference are published in the below seven issues of the 2016 CESP; Volume 37, Issues 2–7, as listed below.

      Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics and Composites XI, CESP Volume 37, Issue 2 (includes papers from Symposium 1)

      Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Electronic Ceramics II, CESP Volume 37, Issue 3 (includes papers from Symposia 3 and 14)

      Advances in Ceramic Armor, Bioceramics, and Porous Materials, CESP Volume 37, Issue 4 (includes papers from Symposia 4, 5, and 9)

      Advanced Processing and Manufacturing Technologies for Nanostructured and Multifunctional Materials III, CESP Volume 37, Issue 5 (includes papers from Symposia 8 and 11 and Focused Sessions 4 and 5)

      Ceramic Materials for Energy Applications VI, CESP Volume 37, Issue 6 (includes papers from Symposia 6 and 13 and Focused Session 2)

      Developments in Strategic Materials II, CESP Volume 37, Issue 7 (includes papers from Symposia 2, 10, 12, Focused Sessions 1, and the Special Symposia on Carbon).

      The organization of the Daytona Beach meeting and the publication of these proceedings were possible thanks to the professional staff of ACerS and the tireless dedication of many ECD members. We would especially like to express our sincere thanks to the symposia organizers, session chairs, presenters and conference attendees, for their efforts and enthusiastic participation in the vibrant and cutting-edge conference.

      ACerS and the ECD invite you to attend the 41st International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites (http://www.ceramics.org/icacc2017) January 23–28, 2017 in Daytona Beach, Florida.

      To purchase additional CESP issues as well as other ceramic publications, visit the ACerS-Wiley Publications home page at www.wiley.com/go/ceramics.

      Manabu Fukushima, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan

      Andrew Gyekenyesi, Ohio Aerospace Institute/NASA Glenn Research Center, USA

      Volume Editors

      August 2016

      Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

      DEVELOPMENT OF SOFC TECHNOLOGY AT TAIWAN INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY RESEARCH

      Ruey-Yi Lee, Yung-Neng Cheng, Tai-Nan Lin, Chang-Sing Hwang, Ning-Yih Hsu, Wen-Tang Hong and Chien-Kuo Liu

      Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.

      ABSTRACT

      Taiwan Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (INER) has committed to developing the SOFC technology since 2003. Since then, substantial progresses have been made on cell, sealant, stack, reforming catalyst, balance of plant (BOP) components as well as system integration. To date, fabrication processes for both planar anode-supported-cell (ASC) by conventional methods and metal-supported-cell (MSC) by atmospheric plasma spraying have been well established. Numerous stack tests were carried out with consistent and repeatable results. Several thousand hours performance tests were executed to evaluate the reliability and durability of system components. Recently, a compact INER-III SOFC power system has been demonstrated with an electric efficiency higher than 40%.

      INTRODUCTION

      The merits of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) include high efficiency, module design, insignificant NOx, SOx and particulate emissions, reduced CO2 emissions, fuel flexibility as well as vibration-free operation. Nowadays, the SOFC is considered as an environmentally friendly energy-converting device and an essential bridge from the fossil fuel to the next generation power systems. For the past decade, the INER has imposed critical mass and substantial efforts to develop the core technology of the SOFC technology from powder to power. Elaborative efforts have been made in parallel to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), stack and power system developments.¹–⁶ Firmed facilities for hardware and software are sequentially set up to move forward the SOFC technology development. A series of MEA and short stack tests have been conducted to evaluate the cell/stack performance for further improvement and to find out the key operational parameters. In 2007, the first home-made MEA with a maximum power density higher than 500 mW/cm² was fabricated. At the end of 2007, the first 1kW stack with InDec cells inside was assembled and tested with success. In November of 2008, through a close international collaboration between INER and HTceramix SA, over 1000-hour performance test of the HTc’s long stack in the INER’s test facility was carried out with an electric output over 1 kW. A prototype of INER’s first 1-kW SOFC power system with natural gas as fuel was illustrated thermally self-sustaining at the last week of 2011. The system was then transferred to the China Steel Cooperation (CSC) for further in-situ testing. A durability test over 15,000 hours for INER’s ASC cell under a constant current density of 400 mA/cm² with a degradation rate of about 1%/khr was fulfilled in 2012. A technology transfer on the fabrication processes of the SOFC MEA was signed to a local fine ceramic company in January of 2014. Through the system integration of hot components of the balance of plant, the second generation of INER-II with a system volume reduction of 55% compared to the first prototype was demonstrated and transferred to the China Petroleum Cooperation in 2013. A further system volume reduction of 20% for a compact INER-III power system with satisfactory electric efficiency was achieved in 2015. In this paper, developments of MEA (ASC and MSC), high temperature seals, stack and system at INER are updated.

      MEA DEVELOPMENT

      For the INER ceramic anode supported cells (ASCs), efforts have been devoted in the total solution of preparing the commercial-available cell products in the past decade. For the starting materials, the patented glycine nitrate combustion (GNC) reactor can be used for preparation of novel electrode/electrolyte in kg-scale.⁷ Selected materials for anode, electrolyte, and cathode are (NiO-YSZ (Y0.08Zr0.92O2−δ) (8 mol% yttria-stabilized-zirconia)), (NiO-SDC (SmxCe1−xO2−δ)), (NiO-LSGM (La1−xSrxGa1−yMgyO3−δ)), CMF (CexMnyFe1−x−yO2)); YSZ, SDC, LSGM, BYCZ (BaYxCeyZr1−x−yO3−δ), NBT (Na0.5Bi0.49Ti0.98Mg0.02O3); LSM (La1-xSrxMnO3−δ), LSCF (La1−xSrxCoyFe1−yO3−δ), LSC (La1-xSrxCoyO3−δ), BSCF (Ba1−xSrxCoyFe1−yO3−δ), SSC (SmxSr1−xCoO3−δ), and SBSC (SmBaxSr1−xCo2O5+δ), respectively.⁵–¹¹ Of which, the subscript delta (6) refers to the amount of oxygen deficiency extent in the specific ideal stoichiometric crystallinity, typically ranging from 0 to 0.1. For the ceramic support, anode and electrolyte tapes are fabricated via tape casting processes and laminated to form ceramic substrates (product dimension: 10X10 cm², thickness: 100∼550µm). Thin film processing methods are utilized to fabricate individual layers in the SOFC MEA. Figure 1 illustrates the cell fabrication processing flow chart developed at INER. As for the 1st-gen INER-SOFC-MEA with traditional materials (NiO-YSZ|YSZ| YSZ-LSM|LSM), the performance has been proven to have long-term durability with about 1 %/khr degradation rate after 15000 hours operation at 800 °C as shown in Figure 2. The history of power, current, voltage, and temperature versus time is illustrated in the figure, and same Y-axis digital values (from 0 to 1000, in the unit of mW/cm²; mA/cm²; mV/cm²; and °C, respectively) were employed for each plot with different color and symbol. Further investigation on the structure stability of the cell after long term operation can be executed by STEM with phase identification.¹¹ Figures 3 and 4 indicated the cell’s STEM images after 15,000-hour operation. Analyses of diffraction patterns were carried out to check the individual crystallinity of electrodes and electrolyte. The results indicated that no other crystalline phases existed after such a long-term cell operation. Additionally, the EDS results in Figures 3 and 4 indicated only slight diffusion for the electrode elements could be observed in the very shallow surfaces of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, suggesting that the cell remain compositional stable. Structure modification in the anode with reduced thickness was carried out to enhance the cell performance to a higher power density. Furthermore, by introducing high catalytic cathode materials in the YSZ-based ASCs, like SSC or SBSC with perovskite structures, the Pmax was increased to over 650 mW/cm² with slight degradation for 1000 hours operation as shown in Figure 5. Process optimizations in all areas are evaluated for improving the cell quality in fabricating the anode supported solid oxide fuel cell.

      Flow chart showing steps in substrate/cell fabrication. Includes solvent milling, slurry binding, tape casting, slip lamination, lamination pre-sintering, et cetera.

      Figure 1. The INER-SOFC-MEA fabrication flow chart.

      Graph: voltage current den temp power den with 0–1000 versus time 0–15000 hr has plots for voltage, temperature, current and power density.

      Figure 2. Long-term durability test result for 1st-gen INER-SOFC-MEA with cell structure of NiO-YSZ|YSZ|YSZ-LSM|LSM.

      Image described by caption and surrounding text.

      Figure 3. Composition analyses between electrolyte/cathode interfaces after 15000 hours operation.

      Image described by caption and surrounding text.

      Figure 4. Composition analyses between anode/electrolyte interfaces after 15000 hours operation.

      Graph: V(mV)/T(°C)/P(mWcm-2)/I(mA/cm-2)with 0-1200 versus elapsed time with 0-1200 hours has plots for voltage, temperature, current and power density.

      Figure 5. Durability result for ASC with perovskite series cathode material SBSC.

      A planar Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (MS-SOFC) composed of a novel Ni-based substrate, NiO-YSZ and NiO-LDC(Ce0.55La0.45O2−δ) layers as double anode, a SDC(Sm0.15Ce0 85O3−δ) layer as a diffusion barrier, a LSGM(La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ) layer as an electrolyte and double layers with 50:50 wt% and 25:75 wt% of SDC and SSCm0.5Sr0.5CoO3−δ) to form composite coatings as a cathode with high power output, stability and thermal-shock abilities was successfully produced by the atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process. A novel metal substrate with uniformly distributed straight gas flow channels of 0.8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm in depth were fabricated in the bottom side of substrate. This kind of substrate facilitates gas inter-diffusion between hydrogen and water in the anode side of MS-SOFC cell so that hydrogen oxidation reactions can be effectively improved. Moreover, due to the fast sintering feature of APS technique, morphologies of anode and cathode layers remain their nano-structures and thus it provides large amount of triple phase boundaries, as shown in Figure 6(a), for anodic and cathodic reactions to increase electricity output performance. The current-voltage-power (I-V-P) curves of a single INER-MS-SOFC unit cell at 750 and 700°C are shown in Figure 6(b). The open-circuit voltages higher than 1.0 V indicated that the LSGM electrolyte is dense enough. The maximum power densities were 593 and 510 mW/cm² at 750 and 700°C, respectively. The innovative type of MS-SOFC cell was then assembled to a single-cell stack for performance testing. Under the test conditions of 700°C and constant current density of 400 mA/cm², the degradation rate was about 0.77 %/khr, as shown in Figure

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