Business Interruption Policy Wordings
()
About this ebook
Clarity and contract certainty, where consistency in the claims response can be seen, is the main aim of the book.
Read more from Harry Roberts
Quality Is Personal: A Foundation For Total Quality Management Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Poultry Book - A Guide for Big or Small Poultry Keepers, Beginners and Farmers Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Book of Old-Fashioned Flowers: And Other Plants Which Thrive in the Open-Air of England Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Still-Room Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratings
Related to Business Interruption Policy Wordings
Related ebooks
Understanding Named, Automatic and Additional Insureds in the CGL Policy Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCyber Security Liability Insurance A Complete Guide - 2020 Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBusiness Interruption A Complete Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLegal Concepts of Insurance Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5How to Make Your Insurance Company Pay Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInsurance Adjusting After Hurricanes and Tornadoes Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsP C Insurance A Complete Guide - 2020 Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHide! Here Comes the Insurance Guy: Understanding Business Insurance and Risk Management Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsConcepts of Disability Income Insurance Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsCommercial General Liability Coverage Guide, 12th Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsNorth Carolina Auto Accident & Insurance Law Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsThe Economics of Property-Casualty Insurance Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Captive Insurance in Plain English Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInsurance Claims: Damaged Equipment Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsUnderwriting A Complete Guide - 2021 Edition Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsHand Book for Insurance Agents Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Marine Insurance : Its Principles And Practice Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Proof of Loss: A Quick Guide to Processing Insurance Claim for Insured with Their Adjuster Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Property, Liability and Auto Insurance: A Handbook and Guide for Insurance Concepts and Coverage! Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Law and the Insurance Contract Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Personal Lines Unlocked: The Key to Personal Lines Underwriting Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsInsurance Ethics Training Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Insurance Broker: Passbooks Study Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsEverything you want to know about Business Continuity Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsISO22301: A Pocket Guide Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Private Banking: Building a Culture of Excellence Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsBudgeting and Negotiating Fees with Clients: A Lawyer's Guide Rating: 0 out of 5 stars0 ratingsLessons from Private Equity Any Company Can Use Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5
Business For You
Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Crucial Conversations: Tools for Talking When Stakes are High, Third Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Law of Connection: Lesson 10 from The 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Crucial Conversations Tools for Talking When Stakes Are High, Second Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Five Dysfunctions of a Team: A Leadership Fable, 20th Anniversary Edition Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Becoming Bulletproof: Protect Yourself, Read People, Influence Situations, and Live Fearlessly Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5On Writing Well, 30th Anniversary Edition: An Informal Guide to Writing Nonfiction Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Capitalism and Freedom Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Collaborating with the Enemy: How to Work with People You Don't Agree with or Like or Trust Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5The Intelligent Investor, Rev. Ed: The Definitive Book on Value Investing Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Summary of J.L. Collins's The Simple Path to Wealth Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, 3rd Edition Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Your Next Five Moves: Master the Art of Business Strategy Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Richest Man in Babylon: The most inspiring book on wealth ever written Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Just Listen: Discover the Secret to Getting Through to Absolutely Anyone Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Lying Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Emotional Intelligence: Exploring the Most Powerful Intelligence Ever Discovered Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Carol Dweck's Mindset The New Psychology of Success: Summary and Analysis Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Grant Writing For Dummies Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Robert's Rules Of Order Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Buy, Rehab, Rent, Refinance, Repeat: The BRRRR Rental Property Investment Strategy Made Simple Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5Money. Wealth. Life Insurance. Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Everything Guide To Being A Paralegal: Winning Secrets to a Successful Career! Rating: 5 out of 5 stars5/5The Energy Bus: 10 Rules to Fuel Your Life, Work, and Team with Positive Energy Rating: 3 out of 5 stars3/5Financial Words You Should Know: Over 1,000 Essential Investment, Accounting, Real Estate, and Tax Words Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Company Rules: Or Everything I Know About Business I Learned from the CIA Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5Set for Life: An All-Out Approach to Early Financial Freedom Rating: 4 out of 5 stars4/5
Reviews for Business Interruption Policy Wordings
0 ratings0 reviews
Book preview
Business Interruption Policy Wordings - Harry Roberts
Reference is made to the following illustrative profit and loss account in some of the sections.
XYZ Ltd, accounts for the year ended 31 December 2010
1.1 Gross Profit – Definition
1.1.1 Current position
Many business interruption (BI) policies are written on a Gross Profit basis, whether these are declaration-linked or not. The policy usually allows the insured to select the costs (variously described as Specified Working Expenses, Variable Costs, or Uninsured Working Expenses) to be deducted from turnover (or Revenue, Takings, or Sales) in defining Gross Profit. This is intended as a benefit rather than a complication, because it means that the purchaser of the insurance (who has the best understanding of their own business) can decide on what will make the cover most meaningful to them.
The majority of general combined commercial policies define Gross Profit as the difference between the sum of turnover plus closing stock and work in progress, and the sum of opening stock/work in progress plus Specified Working Expenses, Uninsured Working Expenses, Uninsured Variable Charges, or some similar term. Some explicitly use the word ‘Purchases’, which may or may not be denoted with a capital ‘P’, and similarly may or may not be defined. In many wordings the costs to be uninsured are not listed within the policy wording itself, but reference is made to the Schedule in which they should be set out.
Package policies often offer a definition rather than referring to a specific list of Uninsured or Specified Working Expenses. In some cases, definitions of Gross Profit refer to lists of costs set out in the Schedule, but the Schedule does not always include such a list.
1.1.2 What is the problem?
Gross profit is a term in everyday use in the business community, and is one that has no particular definition. It is not defined in statute. It is not defined in any accounting standard. In stark contrast, insurance policies explicitly include a definition, which typically may be stated as turnover less purchases (adjusted for stock) less bad debts and carriage out.
Confusion over an everyday commercial term arises.
With reference to the example profit and loss account above, the gross profit for accountancy purposes amounts to £45 million. However, based on an insurance definition only deducting purchases of raw materials, and allowing for the movement between opening and closing stock, the insurance gross profit would be £78 million:
In some cases, the policy refers to the Schedule to ascertain the list of uninsured costs. However, some Schedules do not contain any list, which effectively means that Gross Profit, for policy purposes, is not accurately defined pre-incident.
In other cases, insurers pre define Gross Profit, resulting in the policies not being tailored to the needs of policyholders, and lacking the flexibility otherwise available (albeit this may be an unavoidable necessity for an small and medium enterprises (SME) ‘package’ product).
Where the term ‘purchases’ is used, the BI texts, including Riley on Business Interruption Insurance¹ and Honour and Hickmott’s Principles and Practice of Interruption Insurance,² both take the view that ‘Purchases’ represent physical raw material purchases. Costs closely associated with Purchases, such as subcontracting expenses, are not always explicitly dealt with. Even where policies do contain a tight definition of purchases, it may be that that term does not appear in the books of account of the insuring business. There can therefore be a disjoint between terminology used in the policy and terminology used in the books of account. Even where the policy acquiesces to use terms in the books of account (accounts designation clause), it is not usually stated whether such books of account represent management accounts, statutory accounts, or some other underlying books maintained by the business.
As with gross profit, the term ‘purchases’ is in everyday use, and is not necessarily restricted to raw materials. For example, the term ‘purchases’ appears as a box on a standard VAT return, and, in that context, includes all types of purchase and expense, including utilities and even replacement of capital plant.
It is commonly the case that, when buying BI cover, the policyholder tends to envisage an incident of major proportions such that, say, their entire premises are destroyed. In such cases, many overheads may well cease, or abate, and thus there would have been no need for these to have been insured. This approach is flawed in that it fails to recognise those circumstances where partial damage can, for example, leave a production line operational but far less efficient. This is just one illustration of how costs that are apparently variable prove, under certain circumstances, to be fixed.
1.1.3 What are the consequences?
Differences in terminology or lack of clarity between the policy and the business community cause confusion.
Many businesses, particularly manufacturing businesses, also deduct items such as wages and power in defining gross profit in the statutory accounts, and there is frequently a failure to appreciate that the definition of the term gross profit used in either the annual statutory or the monthly management accounts is likely to differ from the more specific definition of Gross Profit in an insurance policy.
Businesses purchasing insurance can fail to appreciate the significance of this point even after their insurer or broker brings it to their attention, such that any misunderstanding crystallises in a potential shortfall in coverage when an incident occurs.
If items such as wages and power are deducted in addition to purchases (adjusted for stock), the resultant gross profit that is insured will be lower than that defined in the policy. In the event of a claim, the insured may receive less than the full loss due to the application of underinsurance, policy limits, or potential voiding of the policy where a significant under-declaration of Estimated Gross Profit has been made. While the policyholder may suffer a one-off and very unwelcome and untimely shortfall, insurers would have been receiving less premium income, over the lifetime of being on cover, than if the correct level of cover had been chosen. In other words, both parties potentially suffer.
In the example above, the Estimated Gross Profit of £45 million would be 42% inadequate compared to the insurable amount of £78 million.
The claims presentation community, in discussion with clients post-incident, frequently highlights for the first time that the policy defines Gross Profit in a manner other than that used within the accounts. This can give rise to a major expectation difficulty, frequently leading to significant shortfalls in indemnity.
The difference in terminology was highlighted in the case of Arbory Group Ltd v West Craven Insurance Services.³ In that instance, a calculation of gross profit using an accountancy/business definition as opposed to that in the policy gave rise to a significant shortfall in the settlement and a subsequent claim for negligence against the broker.
Where the definition is not sufficiently clear, the level of under-recovery can be significant. On one occasion, financial information supplied after a fire was fundamentally irreconcilable to the level of declarations made in recent years. The business interruption loss was in the region of £5 million. The declarations were completed annually, showing turnover, purchases and opening and closing stock. It transpired that the finance director regularly summarised, over three pages of A4 paper, a significant list of costs (that represented things the business purchased) but entered only the total of that list against the term ‘purchases’ to reduce the amount of paper involved in the process. The existence of the list was unknown to the broker or insurer. The fact that purchases might be construed as relating to raw materials only did not occur to the finance director. If the definition used by the insured for declaration purposes had been adopted, under-recovery of 25% of the actual loss would have been achieved.
1.1.4 Potential solutions
Given that the core difficulty here is an (erroneous) assumption on the part of the policyholder that Gross Profit in an insurance policy is likely to mean the same thing as it does in their accounts (which in some cases it will), it may be advantageous to introduce a new term that will require the business person to explore the relevant definition and necessary calculation when selecting the level of cover required.
The term ‘Gross Profit’ could be replaced with ‘Insurance Profit’, ‘Insurance Gross Profit’, ‘Insurable Profit’ or any similar term. By way of example, one leading insurer has already decided to adopt the term ‘Insured Profit’ in future policy wordings.
It has been suggested that the term ‘Gross Margin’ might replace ‘Gross Profit’, but it is unlikely that this would help, because gross margin is another technical accounting term in common usage; and, therefore, it is thought that it could prove equally