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    Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe
    Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe
    Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe
    Ebook508 pages4 hours

    Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe

    By Esther Gerber and Urs Schaffner

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    About this ebook

    This book provides an overview of all documented releases of exotic (non-European) invertebrate biological control agents into the environment in Europe and summarizes key information on the target species as well as on the biological control agent released. It covers the period from 1897 to the end of 2009 and is largely based on the BIOCAT database, which contains records of the introduction of insect natural enemies, namely parasitoids and predators, for the control of insect pests worldwide. The content is covered in four sections: Introduction and Summary; European Insect Biocontrol Agents Released in Europe; Weed Control; and Discussion.

    Providing a representative picture of the history of releases of exotic biological control agents into the environment in Europe, this book is a key resource for researchers and practitioners operating in the areas of biological control and pest management, and those involved in the regulation of the deliberate release of exotic organisms.
    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherCAB International
    Release dateNov 11, 2016
    ISBN9781786390813
    Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe

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      Book preview

      Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe - Esther Gerber

      REVIEW OF INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS INTRODUCED INTO EUROPE

      Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe

      Esther Gerber and Urs Schaffner

      CABI Switzerland

      Rue des Grillons 1

      CH-2800 Delémont

      Switzerland

      CABI is a trading name of CAB International

        CAB International, 2017

      © 2017 by CAB International. Review of Invertebrate Biological Control Agents Introduced into Europe is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License

      A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.

      Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Gerber, Esther, author. | Schaffner, Urs, 1963- , author.

      Title: Review of invertebrate biological control agents introduced into Europe / Esther Gerber and Urs Schaffner.

      Description: Boston, MA : CABI, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2016031165 | ISBN 9781786390790 (hbk : alk. paper)

      Subjects: LCSH: Insects as biological pest control agents--Europe. | Introduced insects--Europe. | Insect pests--Biological control--Europe.

      Classification: LCC SB976.I56 G47 2016 | DDC 632/.96094--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031165

      ISBN-13: 978 1 78639 079 0

      Commissioning editor: Rachael Russell

      Editorial assistant: Emma McCann

      Production editor: Tracy Head

      Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India.

      Contents

      Introduction and Summary

      1 Exotic Insect Biocontrol Agents Released in Europe

      1.1 Acizzia uncatoides (F

      ERRIS AND

      K

      LYVER

      ), Acacia Psyllid (Hem., Psyllidae)

      1.1.1 Harmonia conformis (B

      OISDUVAL

      ) (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.2 Acyrthosiphon pisum H

      ARRIS

      , Pea Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.2.1 Aphidius smithi S

      HARMA AND

      S

      UBBA

      R

      AO

      , lucerne aphid parasite (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.3 Aleurothrixus floccosus M

      ASKELL

      , Woolly Whitefly (Hem., Aleyrodidae)

      1.3.1 Amitus spiniferus (B

      RÈTHES

      ) (Hym., Platygastridae)

      1.3.2 Cales noacki H

      OWARD

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.3.3 Eretmocerus paulistus H

      EMPEL

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.4 Aonidiella aurantii (M

      ASKELL

      ), California Red Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.4.1 Aphytis holoxanthus D

      E

      B

      ACH

      , circular black scale parasite (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.4.2 Aphytis lingnanensis C

      OMPERE

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.4.3 Aphytis melinus D

      E

      B

      ACH

      , golden chalcid (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.4.4 Comperiella bifasciata H

      OWARD

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.5 Aphis spiraecola P

      ATCH

      , Green Citrus Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.5.1 Harmonia axyridis P

      ALLAS

      , Asian ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.5.2 Lysiphlebus testaceipes (C

      RESSON

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.6 Aphis spiraephaga M

      ULLER

      , Spireas Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.6.1 Aphidius colemani V

      IERECK

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.6.2 Lysiphlebus testaceipes (C

      RESSON

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.7 Aspidiotus nerii B

      OUCHE

      , Aucuba Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.7.1 Aphytis melinus D

      E

      B

      ACH

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.8 Bactrocera oleae (R

      OSSI

      ), Olive Fruit Fly (Dip., Tephritidae)

      1.8.1 Belonuchus rufipennis (F

      ABRICIUS

      ) (Col., Staphylinidae)

      1.8.2 Biosteres longicaudatus A

      SHMEAD

      , longtailed fruit fly parasite (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.3 Bracon celer S

      ZÈPLIGETI

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.4 Cirrospilus variegatus (M

      ASI

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.8.5 Euderus cavasolae (S

      ILVESTRI

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.8.6 Eupelmus afer S

      ILVESTRI

      (Hym., Eupelmidae)

      1.8.7 Fopius arisanus (S

      ONAN

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.8 Halticoptera daci S

      ILVESTRI

      (Hym., Pteromalidae)

      1.8.9 Mesopolobus modestus S

      ILVESTRI

      (Hym., Pteromalidae)

      1.8.10 Closterocerus formosus W

      ESTWOOD

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.8.11 Diachasmimorpha tryoni (C

      AMERON

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.12 Phaedrotoma trimaculata (S

      PINOLA

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.13 Psyttalia concolor S

      ZÈPLIGETI

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.14 Psyttalia dacicida (S

      ILVESTRI

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.15 Triaspis daci (S

      ZÈPLIGETI

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.8.16 Utetes africanus (S

      ZÈPLIGETI

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.9 Ceratitis capitata (W

      IEDEMANN

      ), Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Dip., Tephritidae)

      1.9.1 Aceratoneuromyia indica (S

      ILVESTRI

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.9.2 Belonuchus rufipennis (F

      ABRICIUS

      ) (Col., Staphylinidae)

      1.9.3 Dirhinus giffardii S

      ILVESTRI

      (Hym., Chalcididae)

      1.9.4 Coptera silvestrii (K

      IEFFER

      ) (Hym., Diapriidae)

      1.9.5 Tetrastichus giffardianus S

      ILVESTRI

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.9.6 Elachertus giffardi (T

      IMBERLAKE

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.10 Choristoneura murinana (H

      ÜBNER

      ), European Fir Budworm (Lep., Tortricidae)

      1.10.1 Apanteles fumiferanae V

      IERECK

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.10.2 Ceromasia auricaudata T

      OWNSEND

      (Dip., Tachinidae)

      1.10.3 Glypta fumiferanae (V

      IERECK

      ) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.10.4 Casinaria sp. (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.10.5 Smidtia fumiferanae T

      OTHILL

      (Dip., Tachinidae)

      1.11 Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (M

      ORGAN

      ), Dictyospermum Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.11.1 Aphytis coheni D

      E

      B

      ACH

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.11.2 Aphytis lingnanensis C

      OMPERE

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.11.3 Aphytis melinus D

      EBACH

      , golden chalcid (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.11.4 Comperiella bifasciata H

      OWARD

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.11.5 Encarsia lounsburyi (B

      ERLESE AND

      P

      AOLI

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.11.6 Encarsia perniciosi (T

      OWER

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.12 Cydia molesta (B

      USCK

      ), Oriental Fruit Moth (Lep., Tortricidae)

      1.12.1 Glypta rufiscutellaris C

      RESSON

      (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.12.2 Hymenochaonia delicata (C

      RESSON

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.12.3 Macrocentrus ancylivorus R

      OHWER

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.13 Cydia pomonella L., Codling Moth (Lep., Tortricidae)

      1.13.1 Trichogramma minutum R

      ILEY

      , minute egg parasite (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.14 Cinara laportei (R

      EMAUDIÈRE

      ) (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.14.1 Pauesia cedrobii S

      TARÝ AND

      L

      ECLANT

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.15 Ctenarytaina eucalypti (M

      ASKELL

      ), Blue Gum Psyllid (Hem., Psyllidae)

      1.15.1 Psyllaephagus pilosus N

      OYES

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.16 Dendroctonus micans (K

      UGELANN

      ), Great Spruce Bark Beetle (Col., Curculionidae)

      1.16.1 Rhizophagus grandis G

      YLLENHAL

      (Col., Monotomidae)

      1.17 Dialeurodes citri (A

      SHMEAD

      ), Citrus Whitefly (Hem., Aleyrodidae)

      1.17.1 Encarsia formosa G

      AHAN

      , whitefly parasite (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.17.2 Encarsia lahorensis (H

      OWARD

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.17.3 Serangium parcesetosum S

      ICARD

      (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.18 Diaspidiotus perniciosus (C

      OMSTOCK

      ), San José Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.18.1 Chilocorus similis (R

      OSSI

      ), Asiatic ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.18.2 Encarsia perniciosi (T

      OWER

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.18.3 Rhyzobius lophanthae (B

      LAISDELL

      ), scale-eating ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.19 Diuraphis noxia (K

      URDJUMOV

      ), Russian Wheat Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.19.1 Aphidius colemani V

      IERECK

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.20 Dryocosmus kuriphilus Y

      ASUMATSY

      , Chestnut Gall Wasp (Hym., Cynipidae)

      1.20.1 Torymus sinensis K

      AMIJO

      (Hym., Torymidae)

      1.21 Eriosoma lanigerum (H

      AUSMANN

      ), Woolly Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.21.1 Aphelinus mali (H

      ALDEMAN

      ), woolly aphid parasite (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.22 Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Z

      ELLER

      ), Locust Bean Moth (Lep., Pyralidae)

      1.22.1 Phanerotoma flavitestacea F

      ISCHER

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.23 Gonipterus scutellatus G

      YLLENHAL

      , Eucalyptus Weevil (Col., Curculionidae)

      1.23.1 Anaphes nitens (G

      IRAULT

      ) (Hym., Mymaridae)

      1.24 Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (B

      OUCHÈ

      ) (Thys., Thripidae)

      1.24.1 Thripobius javae (G

      IRAULT

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.25 Hyphantria cunea D

      RURY

      , Fall Webworm (Lep., Noctuidae)

      1.25.1 Aleiodes sanctihyacinthi (P

      ROVANCHER

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.25.2 Campoplex validus (C

      RESSON

      ) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.25.3 Ceratomegilla maculata (D

      E

      G

      EER

      ), spotted ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.25.4 Cotesia hyphantriae (R

      ILEY

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.25.5 Hyposoter fugitivus (S

      AY

      ) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.25.6 Hyposoter pilosulus (P

      ROVANCHER

      ) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.25.7 Panzeria ampelus (W

      ALKER

      ) (Dip., Tachinidae)

      1.25.8 Meteorus bakeri C

      OOK AND

      D

      AVIS

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.25.9 Meteorus hyphantriae R

      ILEY

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.25.10 Podisus maculiventris (S

      AY

      ), spined soldier bug (Hem., Pentatomidae)

      1.25.11 Podisus placidus U

      HLER

      (Hem., Pentatomidae)

      1.26 Icerya purchasi M

      ASKELL

      , Cottony Cushion Scale (Hem., Margarodidae)

      1.26.1 Rodolia cardinalis (M

      ULSANT

      ), vedelia beetle (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.27 Lepidosaphes beckii (N

      EWMAN

      ), Purple Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.27.1 Aphytis coheni D

      E

      B

      ACH

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.27.2 Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.27.3 Chilocorus circumdatus (Gyllenhal in Schönherr) (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.27.4 Chilocorus hauseri W

      EISE

      (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.28 Lepidosaphes gloverii (P

      ACKARD

      ), Glover Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.28.1 Encarsia brimblecombei (G

      IRAULT

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.29 Leptinotarsa decemlineata S

      AY

      , Colorado Potato Beetle (Col., Chrysomelidae)

      1.29.1 Horismenus puttleri G

      RISSELL

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.29.2 Lebia grandis H

      ENTZ

      (Col., Carabidae)

      1.29.3 Myiopharus doryphorae (R

      ILEY

      ) (Dip., Tachinidae)

      1.29.4 Myiopharus sp. (Dip., Tachinidae)

      1.29.5 Perillus bioculatus (F

      ABRICIUS

      ), two-spotted stink bug (Hem., Pentatomidae)

      1.29.6 Perillus circumcinctus S

      TÅL

      (Hem., Pentatomidae)

      1.29.7 Podisus maculiventris (S

      AY

      ), spined soldier bug (Hem., Pentatomidae)

      1.30 Lymantria dispar (L.), Gypsy Moth (Lep., Erebidae)

      1.30.1 Ooencyrtus kuvanae (H

      OWARD

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.31 Megoura viciae B

      UCKTON

      , Vetch Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.31.1 Aphidius megourae S

      TARÝ

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.32 Melanaphis donacis (P

      ASSERINI

      ) (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.32.1 Aphidius colemani V

      IERECK

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.33 Melolontha melolontha (L.), Cockchafer or May Bug (Col., Scarabaeidae)

      1.33.1 Myzinum sp. (Hym., Scoliidae)

      1.33.2 Tiphia sp. (Hym., Tiphiidae)

      1.34 Metcalfa pruinosa (S

      AY

      ), Citrus Flatid Planthopper (Hem., Flatidae)

      1.34.1 Neodryinus typhlocybae (A

      SHMEAD

      ) (Hym., Dryinidae)

      1.35 Myzus persicae S

      ULZER

      , Green Peach Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.35.1 Hippodamia convergens G

      UÈRIN

      -M

      ÈNEVILLE

      , convergent lady beetle (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.36 Ophelimus maskelli (A

      SHMEAD

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.36.1 Closterocerus chamaeleon (G

      IRAULT

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.37 Panolis flammea (D

      ENIS AND

      S

      CHIFFERMÜLLER

      ), Pine Beauty (Lep., Noctuidae)

      1.37.1 Trichogramma minutum R

      ILEY

      , minute egg parasite (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.38 Parabemisia myricae (K

      UWANA

      ), Bayberry Whitefly (Hem., Aleyrodidae)

      1.38.1 Eretmocerus debachi R

      OSE AND

      R

      OSEN

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.38.2 Eretmocerus sp. (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.39 Parectopa robiniella C

      LEMENS

      , Locust Digitate Leafminer (Lep., Gracillariidae)

      1.39.1 Closterocerus cinctipennis A

      SHMEAD

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.40 Parthenolecanium corni (B

      OUCHÈ

      ), European Fruit Scale (Hem., Coccidae)

      1.40.1 Encyrtus fuscus (H

      OWARD

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.41 Pectinophora gossypiella (S

      AUNDERS

      ), Pink Bollworm (Lep., Gelechiidae)

      1.41.1 Chelonus spp. (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.41.2 Chelonus blackburni C

      AMERON

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.41.3 Pristomerus hawaiiensis P

      ERKINS

      (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.42 Phoracantha semipunctata (F

      ABRICIUS

      ), Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer (Col., Cerambycidae)

      1.42.1 Oobius longoi (S

      ISCARO

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.43 Phthorimaea operculella (Z

      ELLER

      ), Potato Tuber Moth (Lep., Gelechiidae)

      1.43.1 Agathis unicolorata S

      HENEFELT

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.2 Apanteles scutellaris M

      UESEBECK

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.3 Apanteles subandinus B

      LANCHARD

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.4 Apanteles sp. (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.5 Habrobracon gelechiae (A

      SHMEAD

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.6 Campoplex haywardi B

      LANCHARD

      (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.43.7 Copidosoma koehleri B

      LANCHARD

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.43.8 Eriborus trochanteratus (M

      ORLEY

      ) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.43.9 Chelonus curvimaculatus C

      AMERON

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.10 Orgilus lepidus M

      UESEBECK

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.11 Orgilus parcus T

      URNER

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.43.12 Temelucha sp. (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.43.13 Trichogramma spp. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.44 Phyllocnistis citrella S

      TAINTON

      , Citrus Leafminer (Lep., Gracillariidae)

      1.44.1 Ageniaspis citricola L

      OGVINOVSKAYA

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.44.2 Cirrospilus ingenuus G

      AHAN

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.44.3 Citrostichus phyllocnistoides (N

      ARAYANAN

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.44.4 Galeopsomyia fausta L

      A

      S

      ALLE

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.44.5 Quadrastichus citrella R

      EINA AND

      L

      A

      S

      ALLE

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.44.6 Semielacher petiolatus (G

      IRAULT

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.45 Planococcus citri (R

      ISSO

      ), Citrus Mealybug (Hem., Pseudococcidae)

      1.45.1 Coccidoxenoides peregrinus (T

      IMBERLAKE

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.45.2 Coccophagus gurneyi C

      OMPERE

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.45.3 Cryptolaemus montrouzieri M

      ULSANT

      , mealybug ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.45.4 Leptomastix dactylopii H

      OWARD

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.45.5 Nephus reunioni F

      ÜRSCH

      (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.45.6 Tetracnemoidea brevicornis (G

      IRAULT

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.46 Prays oleae (B

      ERNARD

      ), Olive Kernel Borer (Lep., Yponomeutidae)

      1.46.1 Trichogramma cacaeciae M

      ARCHAL

      (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.46.2 Trichogramma dendrolimi M

      ATSUMURA

      (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.46.3 Trichogramma minutum R

      ILEY

      , minute egg parasite (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.46.4 Trichogramma pretiosum R

      ILEY

      (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.46.5 Trichogramma spp. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      1.47 Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (T

      ARGIONI

      T

      OZZETTI

      ), White Peach Scale or Mulberry Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.47.1 Aphytis proclia (W

      ALKER

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.47.2 Encarsia berlesei (H

      OWARD

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.47.3 Pteroptrix orientalis (S

      ILVESTRI

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.47.4 Rhyzobius lophanthae (B

      LAISDELL

      ), scale-eating ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.48 Pseudococcus viburni (S

      IGNORET

      ), Obscure Mealybug (Hem., Pseudococcidae)

      1.48.1 Nephus reunioni F

      ÜRSCH

      (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.49 Rhyacionia buoliana (D

      ENIS AND

      S

      CHIFFERMÜLLER

      ), European Pine Shoot Moth (Lep., Tortricidae)

      1.49.1 Hyssopus thymus G

      IRAULT

      (Hym., Eulophidae)

      1.49.2 Itoplectis conquisitor (S

      AY

      ) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.50 Saissetia oleae (O

      LIVIER

      ), Black Olive Scale (Hem., Coccidae)

      1.50.1 Coccophagus ceroplastae (H

      OWARD

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.50.2 Coccophagus rusti C

      OMPERE

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.50.3 Diversinervus elegans S

      ILVESTRI

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.4 Encyrtus aurantii (G

      EOFFROY

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.5 Metaphycus anneckei Guerrieri and Noyes and M

      ETAPHYCUS

      H

      AGENI

      Daane and Caltagirone (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.6 Metaphycus helvolus (C

      OMPERE

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.7 Metaphycus lounsburyi (H

      OWARD

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.8 Metaphycus stanleyi C

      OMPERE

      (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.9 Metaphycus swirskii Annecke and Mynhardt (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.10 Microterys nietneri (Motschulsky) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.50.11 Moranila californica (Howard) (Hym., Pteromalidae)

      1.50.12 Rhyzobius forestieri (Mulsant) (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.50.13 Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (Hym., Pteromalidae)

      1.51 Stictocephala bisonia K

      OPP AND

      Y

      ONKE

      , Buffalo Treehopper (Hem., Membracidae)

      1.51.1 Polynema striaticorne Girault (Hym., Mymaridae)

      1.52 Toxoptera aurantii (B

      OYER DE

      F

      ONSCOLOMBE

      ), Black Citrus Aphid (Hem., Aphididae)

      1.52.1 Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Asian ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.52.2 Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.53 Trialeurodes vaporariorum (W

      ESTWOOD

      ), Greenhouse Whitefly (Hem., Aleyrodidae)

      1.53.1 Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.54 Unaspis yanonensis (K

      UWANA

      ), Arrowhead Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      1.54.1 Aphytis yanonensis DeBach and Rosen (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.54.2 Coccobius fulvus (Compere and Annecke) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.55 Unspecified Aphids (Hem., Aphidae)

      1.55.1 Coccinella sp. (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.55.2 Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Asian ladybird (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.55.3 Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville, convergent lady beetle (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.55.4 Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hym., Braconidae)

      1.56 Unspecified Scale Insects (Hem., Coccidae)

      1.56.1 Aphytis chrysomphali (Mercet) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.56.2 Aphytis lingnanensis Compere (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.56.3 Chilocorus kuwanae Silvestri (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.56.4 Chilocorus stigma Say, twice-stabbed lady beetle (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.56.5 Coccidophilus citricola Brèthes (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.56.6 Comperiella bifasciata Howard (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.56.7 Encarsia ectophaga (Silvestri) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.56.8 Pentilia egena Mulsant (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.56.9 Hyperaspis silvestrii Weise (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.56.10 Pteroptrix smithi (Compere) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      1.56.11 Scymnus sp. (Col., Coccinellidae)

      1.57 Unspecified Moths (Lepidoptera)

      1.57.1 Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hym., Ichneumonidae)

      1.58 Unspecified Coccidae Targets

      1.58.1 Metaphycus luteolus (Timberlake) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      1.59 Unspecified Targets

      1.59.1 Mallada desjardinsi (Navás) (Neu., Chrysopidae)

      2 European Insect Biocontrol Agents Released in Europe

      2.1 Adelges piceae (R

      ATZEBURG

      ), Balsam Woolly Adelgid (Hem., Adelgidae)

      2.1.1 Laricobius erichsonii R

      OSENHAUER

      (Col., Derodontidae)

      2.1.2 Scymnus impexus M

      ULSANT

      (Col., Coccinellidae)

      2.2 Diaspidiotus perniciosus (C

      OMSTOCK

      ), San José Scale (Hem., Diaspididae)

      2.2.1 Encarsia fasciata (M

      ALENOTTI

      ) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      2.3 Dociostaurus maroccanus (T

      HUNBERG

      ), Moroccan Locust (Ort., Acrididae)

      2.3.1 Cytherea obscura F

      ABRICIUS

      (Dip., Bombyliidae)

      2.3.2 Mylabris variabilis (P

      ALLAS

      ) (Col., Meloidae)

      2.3.3 Systoechus ctenopterus (M

      IKAN

      ) (Dip., Bombyliidae)

      2.4 Dialeurodes citri (A

      SHMEAD

      ), Citrus Whitefly (Hem., Aleyrodidae)

      2.4.1 Encarsia tricolor F

      ORSTER

      (Hym., Aphelinidae)

      2.5 Ips sexdentatus (B

      OERNER

      ), Six-toothed Bark Beetle (Col., Scolytidae)

      2.5.1 Aulonium ruficorne (O

      LIVIER

      ) (Col., Zopheridae)

      2.5.2 Hypophloeus fraxini K

      UGELANN

      (Olivier) (Col., Tenebrionidae)

      2.5.3 Platysoma oblongum (F

      ABRICIUS

      ) (Col., Histeridae)

      2.5.4 Tomicobia seitneri (R

      USCHKA

      ) (Hym., Pteromalidae)

      2.6 Liriomyza trifolii (B

      URGESS IN

      C

      OMSTOCK

      ), American Serpentine Leafminer (Dip., Agromyzidae)

      2.6.1 Diglyphus isaea (W

      ALKER

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      2.6.2 Dacnusa sibirica T

      ELENGA

      (Hym., Braconidae)

      2.7 Prays oleae (B

      ERNARD

      ), Olive Kernel Borer (Lep., Yponomeutidae)

      2.7.1 Chelonus elaeaphilus (S

      ILVESTRI

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      2.7.2 Trichogramma embryophagum (H

      ARTIG

      ) (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)

      2.8 Rhyacionia buoliana (D

      ENIS AND

      S

      CHIFFERMÜLLER

      ), European Pine Shoot Moth (Lep., Tortricidae)

      2.8.1 Baryscapus turionum (H

      ARTIG

      ) (Hym., Eulophidae)

      2.8.2 Copidosoma geniculatum (D

      ALMAN

      ) (Hym., Encyrtidae)

      2.9 Scolytus scolytus (F

      ABRICIUS

      ), Large European Elm Bark Beetle (Col., Scolytidae)

      2.9.1 Dendrosoter protuberans (N

      EES

      ) (Hym., Braconidae)

      3 Weed Biocontrol

      3.1 Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Common Ragweed (Asteraceae)

      3.1.1 Zygogramma suturalis (F

      ABRICIUS

      ) (Col., Chrysomelidae)

      3.2 Reynoutria japonica var. japonica (H

      OUTTUYN

      ), Japanese Knotweed (Polygonaceae)

      3.2.1 Aphalara itadori (S

      HINJI

      ) (Hem., Psyllidae)

      3.3 Cirsium arvense (L.) S

      COPOLI

      , Creeping Thistle (Asteraceae)

      3.3.1 Altica carduorum (G

      UÈRIN

      -M

      ÈNEVILLE

      ) (Col., Chrysomelidae)

      4 Discussion

      Table 4

      Table 5

      References

      Index

      Introduction and Summary

      This review provides an overview of all documented releases of exotic (non-European) invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs) into the environment in Europe and summarizes key information on the target species as well as on the biological control agent released. It is an update of A Review of Biological Control in Western and Southern Europe edited by Greathead (1976) and covers the period from 1897, when the beetle Rodolia cardinalis (M

      ULSANT

      ) was introduced into Portugal against the invasive cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi M

      ASKELL

      , until the end of 2009. This review is based largely on the BIOCAT database (Greathead and Greathead 1992), which contains records of the introduction of insect natural enemies, namely parasitoids and predators, for the control of insect pests worldwide. It does not include the introduction of other natural enemies for insect control, such as pathogens or nematodes. Also, it does not contain introductions into greenhouses and other protected cultivation where the agent is not expected to survive outdoors, although some of these organisms might subsequently also be found in nature. For instance, Pseudaphycus flavidulus (B

      RÈTHES

      ), a wasp originating from Chile, has been introduced for studies in the laboratory, but subsequently has also been recorded in nature (Malausa et al. 2008). Most of the releases recorded in BIOCAT were made in the context of classical biological control (BC) projects, but in a few cases releases were also made in inundative BC projects. Developed by the late D.J. Greathead (former director of the International Institute of Biological Control, which is now part of CABI) and his wife, A.H. Greathead, BIOCAT was maintained continuously until the end of 2005. BIOCAT is currently being updated by CABI scientists. For this review, we used the database as it stood up to 2009, which included some 6000 records and the great majority of all insect introductions worldwide. Since the BIOCAT database is not yet accessible on the Internet, we refer to BIOCAT 2005 when citing information from the database.

      In addition to BIOCAT, some key references on the introductions of arthropods into Europe were also considered (including Robinson and Hooper 1989; Orphanides 1996; Mifsud 1997; Noyes 2002; Lucchi et al. 2003; Jacas et al. 2006; Malausa et al. 2008; Rasplus et al. 2010; Roy and Migeon 2010). Arthropods used as IBCAs against invasive weeds were taken from Julien and Griffiths’s (1998) Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and their Target Weeds, fourth edition, which covers the period up to the end of 1996 and includes 1160 releases (including pathogens). Information on the recent release of an agent against Japanese knotweed in the UK was taken from Shaw et al. (2011). A review of additional sources of introductions of exotic organisms for classical biological control did not reveal any introductions of exotic nematodes or molluscs into Europe (Cock et al. 2010). Unattributed information on target species was taken from the Crop Protection Compendium (CABI 2007).

      Following Greathead (1976), we delimited Europe to the set of countries belonging to the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (including Albania and states in former Yugoslavia); overseas territories were excluded.

      BIOCAT 2005 also includes releases of insects native to some European countries that have been released in other European countries. These introductions are treated separately in Chapter 2, European Insect Biocontrol Agents Released in Europe.

      Some introductions of BC agents into Europe have never been published. Therefore, this review may not provide the complete list of BC agents introduced into Europe. Nevertheless, the report includes a vast majority of the introductions, and hence provides a representative picture of the history of releases of exotic BC agents into the environment in Europe.

      Species nomenclature follows the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF; www.gbif.org).

      Countries of Origin and Destination

      By far the largest number of introduced organisms are reported for Italy (Table 1), followed by France, Greece, Spain and Cyprus. In general, more organisms were introduced into Mediterranean countries than into countries of central and ­northern Europe.

      Table 1. Number of exotic biological control agents introduced into individual countries in Europe. Data are based on the species reports provided in this report.

      Information on the source countries of the agents is not available for all introductions. From the data available, North America (Canada and USA) appears to be the most important source of exotic biocontrol agents released in Europe (Table 2).

      Table 2. Donor countries of the native range of biological control agents that were introduced into Europe. Data are based on the species reports provided in this report.

      Introduced biocontrol agents are frequently redistributed, i.e. populations from a country where the species has been established are then released into a third country. Some successful biocontrol agents have been spread literally worldwide (see, for example, Encarsia berlesei (H

      OWARD

      ), Section 1.47.2), and for some their original native range is not known (Section 1.11.1). For Europe, the USA is the most important ‘secondary donor country’ (Table 3). In addition, both France and Italy have supplied other European countries with several exotic biocontrol agents (Table 3).

      Table 3. Secondary donor countries (i.e. not within the native range) acting as sources for releases of exotic biocontrol agents in European countries. Data are based on the species reports provided in this report.

      Several exotic BC agents have been reported from more countries than those in which they were introduced originally (e.g. Section 1.5.1; see also Table 4). This could be either because the species have spread naturally once released in Europe, as is the case for the Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis P

      ALLAS

      , or Psyllaephagus pilosus N

      OYES

      , a parasitoid of a pest on eucalyptus (Section 1.15.1), or because biocontrol agents are spread unintentionally by humans (Section 1.30.1).

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