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    Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat
    Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat
    Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat
    Ebook62 pages40 minutes

    Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat

    By Scriptural Research Institute

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    Pertaining to Aqhat, also called the Danel Epic, or The Tale of Aqhat, is a collection of three tablets recovered from archaeological digs in the 1920s and 1930s at the ruins of Ugarit, a bronze-age city in northwest Syria, at the foot of the mountain Jebel Aqra on the modern Syrian-Turkish border. They date to Late-Bronze Era, specifically estimated to sometime around 1350 BC based on the mention of The Legend of King Keret on the colophon of the Tablet containing section 1. They tell part of the story of an ancient Canaanite king or judge named Danel, and his son Aqhat. The Ugaritic Danel is accepted as being the Danel that the anent Israelite prophet Ezekiel mentioned along with Noah and Job, suggesting all three have roots in the ancient religions of Canaan.

    Only part of the story of Danel and Aqhat has been found, on three tablets, all of which are broken, leaving a fragmentary story which is, unfortunately, is missing its ending. Danel is spelled as Dnỉl in Ugaritic, which is similar to the later Aramaic spelling of Dny'l, and essentially identical to the Hebrew name of Dn'l. The Greeks translated both the name of the ancient saga that Ezekiel mentioned, and the later Israelite prophet from after the time of Ezekiel as Daniêl at the Library of Alexandria, which has resulted in the Ugaritic king's name being rendered as Daniel in some translations.

    The three sections of text that survive on the tablets are all damaged, and were originally published in the order they were translated, but not the order that the story takes place in. As the texts are about Danel, the translations were named after him, resulting in the names 1 Danel, 2 Danel, and 3 Danel. However, while Danel may have been the protagonist, the original name of the story in the texts was Pertaining to Aqhat in Ugaritic, as the story was about Aqhat. This has resulted in the texts also being dubbed 1 Aqhat, 2 Aqhat, and 3 Aqhat, however, they were still not in the correct order, and so the revised translation in Hittite Myths and Instructions (1950) reordered them as Aqhat A (2 Danel/Aqhat), Aqhat B (3 Danel/Aqhat), and Aqhat C (1 Danel/Aqhat). This order has generally been followed ever since, and is the order followed here, however, the three sections of the texts are simply called sections 1, 2, and 3.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherScriptural Research Institute
    Release dateJul 10, 2021
    ISBN9781990289194
    Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat

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      Book preview

      Ugaritic Texts - Scriptural Research Institute

      Copyright

      While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

      Ugaritic Texts: Pertaining to Aqhat

      Digital edition. July 21, 2021.

      Copyright © 2021 Scriptural Research Institute.

      ISBN: 978-1-990289-19-4

      This English translation was created by the Scriptural Research Institute in 2021, primarily from the transliteration of the Danel tablets by C.H. Gordon, in the Ugaritic Handbook (1947). Additionally, C. Virolleaud’s photographs in La ligende phinicienne de Danel (1936), as well as S. Spiegel’s translation in Louis Ginzberg Jubilee Volume (1945), and C.H. Gordon’s revised translation in Hittite Myths and Instructions (1950) were used for comparative analysis. All are recommended for alternate interpretations of the text, however.

      The image used for the cover is a photograph of AO 17323 at the Louvre, which is the third of the Pertaining to Aqhat tablets found at Ugarit.

      Note: The notes for this book include multiple ancient scripts. For your device to properly render them, it will require a Unicode font capable of displaying Akkadian Cuneiform, Ancient South Arabian, Arabic, Avestan, Devanagari, Ge‘ez, Greek, Extended Latin, Hebrew, Imperial Aramaic, Linear B, Phoenician, Syriac, and of course Ugaritic. A Unicode font used to resolve these issues that runs on all operating systems is the Noto font family from Google.

      Forward

      Pertaining to Aqhat, also called the Danel Epic, or The Tale of Aqhat, is a collection of three tablets recovered from archaeological digs in the 1920s and 1930s at the ruins of Ugarit, a bronze-age city in northwest Syria, at the foot of the mountain Jebel Aqra (جبل الأقرع / Cebel-i Akra) on the modern Syrian-Turkish border. They date to Late-Bronze Era, specifically estimated to sometime around 1350 BC based on the mention of The Legend of King Keret on the colophon of the Tablet containing section 1. They tell part of the story of an ancient Canaanite king or judge named Danel, and his son Aqhat. The Ugaritic Danel is accepted as being the Danel that the anent Israelite prophet Ezekiel mentioned along with Noah and Job, suggesting all three have roots in the ancient religions of Canaan. The astronomic references in the Book of Job and Testament of Job do support the origin of the story between 2300 and 2000 BC, suggesting there was an Ugaritic version of Job, however, to date it has not been found.

      The Ugaritic language was closely related to the later Canaanite language, and subsequent Aramaic and Hebrew languages, however, its script was unique. The Ugaritic script was an early alphabet, however, used the wedge shapes from the cuneiform scripts. Several abecedaries have been found in the ruins of Ugarit, either following the Northern Semitic sequence of letters found in the later Phoenician alphabet, or the South Semitic sequence of letters used in the later Sabaean alphabet. In its time, cuneiform was a rapid and standardized form of inscribing, that would have been as revolutionary as Bi Sheng’s invention of movable type in circa 1040 AD. This suggests that the Canaanite and Sabaean alphabets already existed in some form before the Ugaritic script was developed. Several of the shapes of the letters in both the Canaanite and Sabaean scripts appear to be derived from the much older, but poorly understood Byblos Syllabary. Only ten fragments of text in the Byblos Syllabary have been found to date, in Canaan, Egypt, and Italy, and estimated to date to the First Intermediate Period in Egyptian history. It cannot be proven that the Ugaritic, Canaanite, and Sabaean scripts are based on it, however, the three very different-looking scripts are clearly related, as the Ugaritic abecedaries which follow both the Canaanite and Sabaean letter sequence have proven.

      Thanks to the existence of the Ugaritic abecedaries, and the fact that they follow both the letter sequence of both the later Canaanite and Sabaean scripts, it is fairly easy to convert the script into Canaanite (or its modern Hebrew), and Sabaean (or its descendant Arabic), and compare the words to the modern and historic Semitic words. Therefore, most of the texts are translatable,

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