The Urology Bank of 1111 Mcqs

ANSWERS TO BASIC SCIENCE

1-d   ectoderm layer forms the neural system and the skin. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

2-a   peripheral and transitional zones; along with the periurethral glands are derivatives of the urogenital sinus. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

3-a   the ejaculatory duct traverses the prostate gland through the central zone. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

4-c   during the fifth week, the genital ridges form at the posterior body wall after primordial germ cells migration from the yolk sac. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

5-d   appendix testis and prostate utricle develop from paramesonephric ducts. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

6-a   organogenesis occurs between 9 to 12 weeks of gestational age. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

7-b   the testes enter the scrotal cavity at the 7th month of gestation. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

8-a   self-explanatory. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

9-b   despite the adjacent locations, the adrenals are embryologically and functionally distinct from the kidneys. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

10-b   testosterone controls spermatogenesis probably through Sertloi`s cells. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

11-c   the entire process of spermatogenesis takes 64 days made by several cycles, one of which requires 16 days. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

12-c   developmentally, the anterior superior aspect of the bladder is supplied by branches of the umbilical artery that become obliterated to be the median umbilical ligament. The lymphatics remain to drain at the median chain of the external iliac group. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

13-c   self-explanatory. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

14-d   Cowper`s glands drain 3 to 4 mm distal to the begging of the corpus spongiosum into the bulbourethral. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition)

15-b   the number of renal papillae in either kidney varies from 4 to 18, but a typical kidney has 7 to 9. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

16-d   synthesis of testosterone begins as cholesterol in the mitochondria, and then the final organelle that makes up the testosterone molecule is endoplasmic reticulum. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

17-a   despite sympathetic and parasympathetic systems operate on the vas, only the sympathetic controls the emission phase of ejaculation. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition

18-c   the preprostatic tissue is located proximal to the verumontanum and composed of sphincter-like cylindrical smooth muscles that prevent retrograde ejaculation. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition

19-a   the only demonstrated innervation of the adrenal gland is sympathetic branches from T10 – L1 to the medulla. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition)

20-c   increase FSH indicates that the pituitary gland is stimulating the testis maximally, while no enough feedback from the testes. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

21-d   the first stage of micturition reflex is shown as changes in the pelvic floor muscle activity, in the form of suppression of EMG sphincter activity. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

22-d   type 4 is characterized by a deficiency of or inability to respond to aldosterone, resulting in high potassium level. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

23-a   type 1 is characterized by calcium deposition due to Inability to excrete acid into the urine. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

24-b   ANH causes natriuresis, inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and blood pressure reduction. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

25-b   liver cirrhosis results in increase plasma levels of testosterone binding proteins and increase in peripheral conversion of testosterone to estrogens. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

26-c   lung neoplasms are the commonest solid tumors associated with kidney metastases. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

27-d   self-explanatory. Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, by Manuchair Ebadi.

28-b   thiazide diuretics might cause dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, loss of appetite, impotence, and others. Desk Reference of Clinical Pharmacology, Second Edition, by Manuchair Ebadi.

29-c   retreated scrotal trauma at breach delivery is the commonest among all indicated reasons. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

30-c   self-explanatory. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

31-b   ureteral atresia is not related to von Hippel-Lindau disease. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

32-d   self-explanatory. Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

33-a   hyperprolactinemia characterizes pituitary adenoma of the choice list. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

34-b   the commonest zone is the peripheral followed by the transitional. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

35-c   norepinephrine could result in intrarenal vascular constriction which impairs allograft function. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

36-c   the Koff formula ((bladder capacity (in ounces) = age (in years) + 2)). Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

37-c   AFT is produced by the liver, gastro-intestinal tract, yolk sac, and non-seminomatous germ cell tumors of the testes. By definition, seminoma and choriocarcinoma do not produce AFP. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

38-b   beta-HCG half-life is 24 – 36 hrs. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

39-c   distal RTA along with all listed causes can lead to hypocitraturia. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

40-a   the primary effect is to increase water retention through the collecting ducts. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

41-c   the best of the listed choices that provides sodium and fluids is NS. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

42-a   self-explanatory. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

43-b   self-explanatory. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

44-c   detumescence happens because of sympathetic discharge to the cavernous smooth muscles. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

45-a   the most significant cause of ureteral dilation among the listed ones is mechanical compression of the ureter by the gravid uterus against the pelvic brim. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

46-c   the replacement fluid of choice is normal saline. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

47-d   primarily, auto regulation of renal blood flow occurs through variations in afferent arteriolar resistance. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition

48-d   self-explanatory. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

49-a   capacitation occurs before acrosome reaction. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

50-a   obesity syndrome is a recognized cause of infertility. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

51-d   self-explanatory. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

52-b   pain from the upper ureter refers to the loin. The mid ureter refers to the inguinal region. The lower ureter refers to the genitalia. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

53-c   the female urethra is 4 cm long, easier to catheterize, and gets narrow atrophic post menopausally due to estrogen deprivation. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

54-d   self-explanatory. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

55-c   superior gluteal artery is a branch of the posterior division of the internal iliac artery. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

56-c   new batches of sperms stay around 2 weeks for maturation. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

57-d   the median lobe, in particular, is engulfed by the lateral lobes and is not accessible for examination per rectum. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

58-a   the glans penis drains into the internal and external iliac lymph nodes. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

59-d   Camper`s fascia is a subcutaneous layer of abdominal fat. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

60-b   smegma is benign. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

61-a   gubernaculua remain the whole life. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

62-b   struvite or triple phosphate or MAP crystals are known as coffin lid crystals. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

63-b   in heterogeneous nucleation, the core structure of the stone is uric acid while the additional buildup is calcium oxalate. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

64-b   the compensatory process begins after birth and completes by the age of 2. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

65-a   self-explanatory. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

66-b   the anomalies are described in Weigert-Meyer law. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

67-b   in medial fibroplasia, renal function and kidneys sizes typically remain unchanged. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

68-c   zona glomeruloza secrets aldosterone, fasciculate secretes cortisol, reticularis secretes androgens and estrogen. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the renal medulla. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

69-a   ureaplasma urealyticum fulfills the 2 conditions. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

70-d   self-explanatory. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

71-a   the commonest of the listed anomalies is UPJ obstruction due to crossing aberrant blood vessel. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

72-a   obturator nerve injury leads to weakness at the adductor and the internal rotator muscles of the thigh. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

73-c   seminal vesicles form about ⅔ of the semen volume. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

74-b   fascia lata separates the 2 groups of lymph nodes. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

75-b   Cushing syndrome is a complex entity mostly occurs due to exogenous administration of steroids, while Cushing`s disease is typically due to pituitary over secretion of ACTH. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

76-b   uretero-vesical junction is 1 – 5 mm wide. Gray’s Anatomy of the Human Body (30th Edition).

77-d   acid phosphatase is a normal component human semen. Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th Edition.

78-d   may coexist with hypothyroidism. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

79-b   has a nearly normal life expectancy. General and Systematic Pathology, 5th Edition; by James Underwood Simon Cross.

80-a   Cockroft-Gault formula is (140-age)X weight /(72 X serum creatinine). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th