Sustainability

33 pages, 6357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Holistic Analysis on Risks of Post-Disaster Reconstruction Using RStudio Bibliometrix

by Merve Serter and Gulden Gumusburun Ayalp

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9463; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219463 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) is a complex and unpredictable process, especially concerning the construction sector, where understanding associated risks is increasingly vital. This study investigates and evaluates the present condition of post-disaster reconstruction risk (RoPDR) and discerns research trends and deficiencies in the domain [...] Read more.

Post-disaster reconstruction (PDR) is a complex and unpredictable process, especially concerning the construction sector, where understanding associated risks is increasingly vital. This study investigates and evaluates the present condition of post-disaster reconstruction risk (RoPDR) and discerns research trends and deficiencies in the domain via a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis. The Web of Science (WoS) was preferred for its extensive repository of pivotal research publications and its integrated analytical capabilities for producing representative data. This study performed a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of 204 peer-reviewed journal articles regarding the risks associated with post-disaster reconstruction from 1993 to 2024, utilizing the R statistical programming package RStudio Bibliometrix R version 4.3.1 to map the research landscape, identify literature gaps, and analyze rising trends. As a result of the analyses, the risks of post-disaster reconstruction were classified into four main clusters. Despite numerous studies exploring post-disaster reconstruction through diverse perspectives and methodologies, the associated risks of these projects remain inadequately analyzed. This inaugural bibliometric study in the realm of RoPDR utilizes novel techniques, such as the h-index, thematic mapping, and trend topic analysis, to attain a comprehensive understanding. Hence, the outcome of this study will aid scholars and practitioners in thoroughly comprehending the present condition and identifying prospective research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Sustainability in Humanitarian Action and Post-disaster Settlements)

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19 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid MCDM Approach to Sports Center Site Selection in a Sustainable Environment

by Tsung-Yu Chou

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9462; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219462 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

In order to achieve the goal of good health and well-being in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the government has actively promoted the concept of sports and fitness. People expect the government could effectively build leisure facilities and sports centers that can provide high-quality [...] Read more.

In order to achieve the goal of good health and well-being in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the government has actively promoted the concept of sports and fitness. People expect the government could effectively build leisure facilities and sports centers that can provide high-quality services and activities. The purpose of this research is to establish a systematic model to help the government improve the quality of decision making and integrate various methods to expand the evaluation of site selection more objectively. This paper develops a hybrid MCDM model based on AHP, entropy and gray relational analysis methods to realize the location-selection process of sports centers. In this paper, a hybrid MCDM model was developed to realize the location-selection process of a sports center. Three perspectives and six major factors (including the 16 criteria) for the sports center location selection are presented. Among them, geographical conditions are the most important perspective, surrounding environment is the most important factor and the second most important factor is future development. The results of this research will provide reference for relevant government departments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Development and Application of Sustainable Management)

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14 pages, 2097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Landscape Characteristics That Maximize Ecosystem Services Provision

by Yanina Benedetti, Federico Morelli, Marek Svitok, Riccardo Santolini, Petra Kadlecová, Alice Cavalli, Andrea Strollo and Michele Munafò

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219461 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Given global changes and the loss of ecosystem services, it is crucial to assess the effects of landscape characteristics on ecosystem service distribution for sustainable territory management. Italy’s diverse landscapes present an opportunity to study this effect. This study identified optimal elevation and [...] Read more.

Given global changes and the loss of ecosystem services, it is crucial to assess the effects of landscape characteristics on ecosystem service distribution for sustainable territory management. Italy’s diverse landscapes present an opportunity to study this effect. This study identified optimal elevation and landscape heterogeneity ranges that optimize four ecosystem service provisions across Italy. We mapped ecosystem services across Italy using generalized additive models (GAM) to assess their spatial relationships with landscape characteristics, such as elevation and heterogeneity, and specifically, we identified their optimal values concerning elevation and landscape heterogeneity. In Italy, agricultural production is concentrated at low altitudes, like the Po Valley, while the pre-Alps and Apennines regions at intermediate altitudes provide ecosystem services like timber production and carbon storage. However, elevation gradient and landscape heterogeneity significantly influence trade-offs between agricultural production and these services. The optimal altitude for timber production, carbon storage, and habitat quality is around 1500 m above sea level, while agricultural production peaks at the lowest and highest elevations. Our study shows landscape features’ significant role in supporting specific ecosystem services. This information is crucial for guiding land use planning and management decisions, especially under global land use and climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability, Biodiversity and Conservation)

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19 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

We Only Collect What We Need: Women’s Experiences on Collecting Cauchao (Amomyrtus luma Molina) in Food Systems of Extreme South Forests in Chile

by Carolina Fredes, Alejandra Parada, Carolina Aguirre, Loreto Rojas, Paz Robert and Margarita Bernales

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9460; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219460 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

The collection of the ancestral fruit cauchao (Amomyrtus luma) is part of the routines of women gatherers from the extreme south (44° South Latitude) in Chile. The traditional food knowledge of cauchao has not been documented, and there is no data [...] Read more.

The collection of the ancestral fruit cauchao (Amomyrtus luma) is part of the routines of women gatherers from the extreme south (44° South Latitude) in Chile. The traditional food knowledge of cauchao has not been documented, and there is no data on the nutritional composition. Women’s experiences collecting cauchao can help understand the relationship between traditional food, herbal medicine, and local gatherers’ communities. Thus, this research explores the traditional knowledge of food and the nutritional composition of cauchao. Mixed methods research was performed. A case study included in-depth interviews with 12 women gatherers and thematic analysis. The composition of macronutrients in cauchao was obtained by proximate chemical analyses and dietary fiber using the enzymatic-gravimetric method. Results showed that gathering for these women was more than just extracting natural resources; it was associated with family, food security, participation in different stages of the food system, and practices that could contribute towards sustainable food systems. Furthermore, cauchao fruit showed a high dietary fiber content, and women gatherers did not connect cauchao with dietary fiber. Since access to knowledge by small-scale food producers, especially women, is part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG#2.3), the approach of this research may help guide knowledge transfer among women gatherers. Full article

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17 pages, 6076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Case Study Based on Space Syntax Theory: West Shu Garden of Qingxi, Dujiangyan Scenic Area

by Chengzhi Zhang, Zefei Lv, Zhaozheng Liu and Yingkun Sun

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9459; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219459 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Xishu Gardens embodies the essence of traditional Chinese landscape design, boasting unique cultural heritage and local charm. However, research on it is often limited to the aesthetic aspects of gardens, lacking the scientific analysis of garden spaces. This paper explores Xishu Gardens through [...] Read more.

Xishu Gardens embodies the essence of traditional Chinese landscape design, boasting unique cultural heritage and local charm. However, research on it is often limited to the aesthetic aspects of gardens, lacking the scientific analysis of garden spaces. This paper explores Xishu Gardens through the lens of space syntax, a method commonly used for analyzing architectural features. The focus is Qingxi Garden, located within the Dujiangyan Scenic Area. It is one of the representative gardens of Xishu Gardens. Based on field investigation and spatial mapping, Qingxi Garden was digitally reconstructed for the first time followed by a detailed analysis in open-source software DepthmapX 0.8.0. This analysis involved a meticulous examination of the garden’s pathways and spatial elements, integrating on-site measurements and survey data to ensure precision. By conducting a quantitative analysis of the spatial structure of Qingxi Garden, the results indicate that areas with low visible depth, as well as high road connectivity and integration, are more accessible to visitors. This accessibility serves as the central spatial node within Qingxi Garden, where a collection of bonsai is prominently exhibited. The interplay between spatial features in the landscape and architectural spaces can significantly influence tourist activities. The landscape architecture of the garden features the distinctive ventilated lattice design characteristic of West Shu gardens, providing visitors with a comfortable spatial experience. The design of Qingxi Garden not only inherits the natural design principles of West Shu gardens but also scientifically integrates the spatial layout of bonsai exhibitions. The design of Qingxi Garden draws upon the traditional garden-making techniques of the Xishu region while also respecting the natural topography of the site. It incorporates local cultural elements, such as bonsai, into its framework. The arrangement of the bonsai exhibition is executed in a scientific and rational manner. Qingxi Garden aims to achieve a harmonious integration of natural beauty and cultural aesthetics in its design, resulting in a garden landscape that is both visually appealing and rich in cultural significance. The design principles and methodologies employed offer a novel perspective for contemporary garden design. Full article

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14 pages, 3594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Natural Capital Accounting of the Coralligenous Habitat in Marine Protected Areas

by Serena Silva, Ludovica Capasso, Agnieszka Piernik, Francesco Rendina, Umberto Grande, Pier Paolo Franzese, Giovanni Fulvio Russo and Elvira Buonocore

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9458; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219458 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Coralligenous bioconstructions are a key Mediterranean ecosystem for their associated biodiversity and role in the blue carbon cycle. They are also sensitive to environmental alterations (e.g., climate change) and other anthropic impacts related to coastal anthropization (e.g., fishing activities). Marine-coastal zone protection, conservation [...] Read more.

Coralligenous bioconstructions are a key Mediterranean ecosystem for their associated biodiversity and role in the blue carbon cycle. They are also sensitive to environmental alterations (e.g., climate change) and other anthropic impacts related to coastal anthropization (e.g., fishing activities). Marine-coastal zone protection, conservation programs and management strategies are essential to guarantee a good ecological status of the coralligenous habitat. In this context, environmental and ecosystem accounting are useful tools to measure natural capital stocks and ecosystem service flows associated with marine ecosystems, conveying their importance in scientific and policy contexts. Indeed, the importance of marine ecosystems is often overlooked due to the difficulty of expressing their value in common units, making it challenging for decision-makers to explore trade-offs between conservation and exploitation of marine ecosystems. In this study, a biophysical and trophodynamic environmental accounting model was used to assess the biophysical value of natural capital stocks of the coralligenous habitat in three Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) of the Campania Region (Southern Italy): Punta Campanella, Santa Maria di Castellabate, and Costa degli Infreschi e della Masseta. The natural capital value per unit area associated with the coralligenous habitat ranged from 2.44 × 10¹² to 4.72 × 10¹² sej m⁻² for Santa Maria di Castellabate and Punta Campanella, respectively. Despite the different intensive values of natural capital calculated for the MPAs, there were no significant differences both in the biomass values of the taxonomic groups and in the biomass-based Shannon diversity index. Additionally, the biophysical values were also converted into monetary units, with the aim of facilitating the understanding of the importance of natural stocks in socio-economic and political contexts. The economic equivalent of natural capital value refers to the total extent of the coralligenous habitat and ranged from about EUR 1 to 15 million for Costa degli Infreschi e della Masseta and Santa Maria di Castellabate, respectively. The results of this study could be useful for local managers and policy makers and may make them more likely to achieve biodiversity conservation and sustainable development goals in MPAs. This is the first study devoted to the assessment of natural capital value of coralligenous habitats. Future studies could complement the results of this study with biophysical and economic assessments of ecosystem service flows generated by coralligenous habitats, focusing on the role they play in human well-being. Full article

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17 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Impact Exerted by Green Innovation Corporations’ Internationalization Depth on Innovation Performance and Sustainability—An Empirical Analysis Based on Data from China’s Specialized, Fine, Special, and Innovative Enterprises

by Dan Liu, Jiaxin Yang, Peiyan Zheng and Anqi Lin

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9457; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219457 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

This research endeavors to investigate how the internationalization depth of green innovation enterprises influences their innovation performance and sustainability, specifically analyzing data from China’s Specialized, Fine, Special, and Innovative Enterprises. By analyzing the unbalanced panel data of green Specialized, Fine, Special, and Innovative [...] Read more.

This research endeavors to investigate how the internationalization depth of green innovation enterprises influences their innovation performance and sustainability, specifically analyzing data from China’s Specialized, Fine, Special, and Innovative Enterprises. By analyzing the unbalanced panel data of green Specialized, Fine, Special, and Innovative Enterprises listed on the A-share market in China from 2006 to 2022, we find that the depth of internationalization is not only significantly positively correlated with innovation performance but also indirectly promotes enterprises’ sustainability by enhancing innovation performance. Furthermore, R&D investment plays a partial mediating role in this process. Heterogeneity analysis further indicates that the positive impact of the depth of internationalization on innovation performance and sustainability is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises. This study provides a new perspective on how small and medium-sized enterprises can expand their innovative resources and knowledge through the depth of internationalization to achieve sustainability and offers evidence and suggestions for governments to formulate relevant policies. Full article

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25 pages, 10520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waste-Cooking-Oil-Derived Polyols to Produce New Sustainable Rigid Polyurethane Foams

by Miriam Cappello, Sara Filippi, Damiano Rossi, Patrizia Cinelli, Irene Anguillesi, Caterina Camodeca, Elisabetta Orlandini, Giovanni Polacco and Maurizia Seggiani

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9456; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219456 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Polyurethanes (PUs) are one of the most versatile polymeric materials, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. Currently, petroleum is still the main source of polyols and isocyanates, the two primary feedstocks used in the PU industry. However, due to future [...] Read more.

Polyurethanes (PUs) are one of the most versatile polymeric materials, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. Currently, petroleum is still the main source of polyols and isocyanates, the two primary feedstocks used in the PU industry. However, due to future petroleum price uncertainties and the need for eco-friendly alternatives, recent efforts have focused on replacing petrol-based polyols and isocyanates with counterparts derived from renewable resources. In this study, waste cooking oil was used as feedstock to obtain polyols (POs) for new sustainable polyurethane foams (PUFs). POs with various hydroxyl numbers were synthesized through epoxidation followed by oxirane ring opening with diethylene glycol. By adjusting reagent amounts (acetic acid and H₂O₂), epoxidized oils (EOs) with different epoxidation degrees (50–90%) and, consequently, POs with different OH numbers (200–300 mg KOH/g) were obtained. Sustainable PUFs with high bio-based content were produced by mixing the bio-based POs with a commercial partially bio-based aliphatic isocyanate and using water as the blowing agent in the presence of a gelling catalyst and additives. Various water (4, 8, 15 php) and gelling catalyst (0, 1, 2 php) amounts were tested to assess their effect on foam properties. PUFs were also prepared using EOs instead of POs to investigate the potential use of EOs directly in PUF production. Characterization included morphological, chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical analyses. The rigid PUFs exhibited high density (150–300 kg/m³) and stability up to 200 °C. The combined use of bio-based polyols with partially bio-based isocyanate and water enabled PUFs with a bio-based content of up to 77 wt.%. EOs demonstrated potential in PUF production by bypassing the second synthesis step, enhancing sustainability, and significantly reducing energy and costs; however, PUF formulations with EOs require optimization due to lower epoxy ring reactivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycling Materials for the Circular Economy—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 4572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Taken from the Spirits and Given to the People: The Dance of the Panther Men in Côte d’Ivoire

by Simon Larsson and Syna Ouattara

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9455; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219455 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

The article explores the impact of tourism and commercialization on intangible cultural heritage, using the Boloye dance in Côte d’Ivoire as a case study. The dance, originally a secretive ritual performed by the Pɔrɔ society in the Sénoufo community, has transformed into a [...] Read more.

The article explores the impact of tourism and commercialization on intangible cultural heritage, using the Boloye dance in Côte d’Ivoire as a case study. The dance, originally a secretive ritual performed by the Pɔrɔ society in the Sénoufo community, has transformed into a public cultural performance. The study explores how this cultural practice has been adapted to engage broader audiences without compromising its ritualistic and cultural integrity. This is carried out through fieldwork conducted in Korhogo, including participant observations, interviews with performers, and the analysis of social media content. The paper argues that the Boloye dance’s resilience and continued vitality are due to its dynamic adaptation within cultural boundaries, allowing it to serve both as a community resource and a public spectacle. This is enabled through the Sénoufo flexible cultural framework, which allows for the negotiation of changes within spiritually sanctioned boundaries. The article concludes that tourism and the commercialization of cultural practices, in this case, do not compromise the authenticity of the practices or the cultural integrity of the people who perform them. The case study challenges a commonly expressed view in previous research that tourism necessarily erodes cultural authenticity, showing instead that cultural practices can evolve while retaining their significance. The paper contributes to a scholarly and public debate on the sustainability of intangible cultural heritage in the context of global tourism and economic development and change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heritage Preservation and Tourism Development)

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22 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation and Carbon Intensity: Evidence from Chinese Tourism Companies

by Yi Lin, Xin Qi and Lijuan Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9454; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219454 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

The flourishing of the tourism market generates gigantic carbon emissions. It is imperative for tourism companies to take action to achieve decarbonization. The emergence of digital technology is gradually becoming an important strategic path for global corporations’ technological evolution. Undoubtedly, digital tools provide [...] Read more.

The flourishing of the tourism market generates gigantic carbon emissions. It is imperative for tourism companies to take action to achieve decarbonization. The emergence of digital technology is gradually becoming an important strategic path for global corporations’ technological evolution. Undoubtedly, digital tools provide a fresh opportunity for tourism companies to reduce their carbon footprint. Realizing the positive interaction between digitization and greenization is essential for tourism companies to achieve high-quality development. Aiming to clarify the relationship between digital transformation and company carbon intensity in tourism companies, this study analyzes the influence and mechanism of digital transformation on tourism companies’ carbon intensity using data from Chinese A-share listed tourism companies over the period 2005–2020. With the help of textual analysis and high-dimensional fixed effects model, this paper builds a proxy for digital transformation and further tests the causal link between digital transformation and company carbon intensity. The findings indicate that digital transformation significantly reduces the carbon intensity of tourism companies. Alleviating managerial myopia, attracting external resources, and fostering a collaborative culture are three mechanisms through which digital transformation can exert its carbon reduction efficacy. The heterogeneity analysis reveals that this effect is more prominent among state-owned tourism companies, companies with greater board diversity, or companies situated in more favorable business environments. This paper makes three contributions. First, this paper broadens the exploration of how digital advancements affect tourism, discussing the relationship between digital transformation and the carbon intensity of tourism companies. Second, this paper looks beyond a macro perspective commonly used in tourism carbon emission research, undertaking the research at the micro level, filling the research gap in tourism companies’ carbon performance. Third, from the aspect of informational effect, this paper provides the mechanism between digital transformation and tourism company carbon intensity creatively. The conclusions offer empirical insights to assist tourism companies in effectively fulfilling their environmental commitments in the digital era. Meanwhile, this paper also provides a useful decision-making basis for the government to promote tourism companies’ decarbonization transformation. From the company perspective, tourism companies should take digitalization seriously, fully exploiting the environmental benefits of digital transformation. From the government perspective, local government should further improve the environment for company development, supporting tourism companies’ digital transformation with unremitting efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Technologies and Sustainable Development in Hospitality and Tourism)

15 pages, 1295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Stand Density Measures for Regulating Mid-Rotation Loblolly Pine Plantation Density in the Western Gulf, USA

by Yuhui Weng, Dean Coble, Jason Grogan, Chen Ding and Xiongwei Lou

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9452; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219452 (registering DOI) - 31 Oct 2024

Abstract

Efficiently quantifying stand density is crucial in sustainably managing mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. While various stand density measures, including basal area (BA), stand density index (SDI), relative spacing (RS), and live crown length ratio (CR), are used, ambiguity persists [...] Read more.

Efficiently quantifying stand density is crucial in sustainably managing mid-rotation loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. While various stand density measures, including basal area (BA), stand density index (SDI), relative spacing (RS), and live crown length ratio (CR), are used, ambiguity persists among these measures: are they each biologically sound and are they on par with each other in terms of density management? These topics were investigated by examining the relationships between measures and stand age, between measures and tree growth, and between measures using data from numerous long-term permanent plots established in loblolly pine plantations in east Texas. A strong trend of increasing density with age was found for all the measures. The trend followed an asymptotic trajectory when density was expressed as BA, SDI, or RS, adhering to biological expectations, but the trend showed a gradual decrease for CR. Strong and biologically sound relationships between DBH periodic annual increment (

{P A I}_{D}

) and BA or SDI were observed, suggesting that both measures match true DBH growth. However,

{P A I}_{D}

linearly decreased with decreasing RS and with decreasing CR in a smooth curve, biasing from the biological expectation. Strong relationships existed between the measures, suggesting that these seemingly disparate measures are not independent of each other. Site index affected all investigated relationships in a manner of having higher densities at a given age or a greater

{P A I}_{D}

at a given density for higher site index sites regardless of measures. The effects of initial planting density on the relationships were mostly negligible, having no practical significance, with few exceptions (the relationships of SDI–age, RS–age, and CR–RS). Among the measures evaluated, our results advocate for the use of

B A

to regulate mid-rotation loblolly pine plantation density such as determining the approximate biological timing for thinning in the Western Gulf region due to its biological soundness, ease of measurement, and feasibility of incorporating effects of site quality and planting density. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forest Growth Monitoring and Sustainable Management)

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15 pages, 6579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Shortening Real Driving Emission (RDE) Test Trips on CO, NO_X, and PN₁₀ Emissions from Different Vehicles

by Haiguang Zhao, Laihua Shi, Xiaoliu Xu, Jinshan Qiu, Lan Li, Junfang Wang, Wenhan Yu and Yunshan Ge

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9453; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219453 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

The real driving emission (RDE) test is the test for vehicle type approval in the China VI emission standard and is one of the most important indicators for assessing the environmental performance of vehicles. To investigate the feasibility of shortening the RDE test [...] Read more.

The real driving emission (RDE) test is the test for vehicle type approval in the China VI emission standard and is one of the most important indicators for assessing the environmental performance of vehicles. To investigate the feasibility of shortening the RDE test trip, we measured emissions of CO, NO_X, and PN₁₀ (i.e., the number of particles above 10 nm in diameter) from gasoline, diesel, and hybrid electric vehicles based on portable emission measurement systems (PEMSs) and analyzed the influence of shortening test trips on pollutant emissions. The results indicated that the CO and PN₁₀ emission factors of the gasoline vehicle increased by about two times during short trips compared with standard trips, while the NO_X emission factor changed insignificantly. The diesel vehicle showed a two-fold increase in NO_X and PN₁₀ emission factors during short trips compared with standard trips, with CO emissions remaining largely unchanged. The short trips of the hybrid electric vehicle doubled CO and PN₁₀ emission factors and slightly increased NO_X emission factors compared with standard trips. The study can aid in improving RDE test efficiency, reducing RDE test cost, and controlling pollutant emissions from newly produced and in-use vehicles, which is crucial for air pollution management and sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology Applications in Sustainable Energy and Power Engineering)

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18 pages, 1456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Digital Technologies and Alternate Reality Games for Sustainable Education: Enhancing Cultural Heritage Awareness and Learning Engagement

by Hao-Chiang Koong Lin, Li-Wen Lu and Ruei-Shan Lu

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9451; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219451 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

As traditional cultural heritage education gradually reduces students’ exposure to the physical environment, it is more difficult to stimulate students’ awareness of and interest in local culture. The concepts of cultural preservation and sustainable development have not yet been effectively integrated into teaching. [...] Read more.

As traditional cultural heritage education gradually reduces students’ exposure to the physical environment, it is more difficult to stimulate students’ awareness of and interest in local culture. The concepts of cultural preservation and sustainable development have not yet been effectively integrated into teaching. Therefore, this study developed an alternative reality game (ARG) combined with a learning scaffold to enable students to gain a deeper understanding of the history and cultural heritage of Taiwan during the Japanese rule period through an immersive learning experience and to explore and solve real-world problems in an interactive environment, which helped students understand the concepts of cultural preservation and sustainable development. The results of the study showed that the experimental group of students using the ARG integrated learning scaffold significantly outperformed the control group in terms of learning effectiveness and engagement. Students in the experimental group not only had a deeper understanding of the curriculum content but also showed higher behavioral and emotional engagement. In addition, students’ awareness of cultural preservation and sustainable development increased, which indicates that the materials developed in this study are effective in promoting their deeper understanding of local educational development and cultural identity. This study confirms that the combination of innovative technology and gamified instruction not only enhances students’ learning effectiveness but also promotes their understanding of cultural heritage. Future research should further optimize the use of technology to reduce the impact of operational difficulties on students’ learning experience and explore how alternative reality game (ARG) technology can be used in more subject areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

24 pages, 1687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Value Assessing and Financial Reporting of Marine Resource Assets: Taking NB-ZS Maritime Space as a Case Study

by Ruiyan Gao, Mengxue Li, Yaguai Yu, Yiting Chen and Yingzhu Luo

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9450; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219450 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

As a key component of natural resources, marine resource assets have become increasingly important in the construction of today’s ecological civilization. Firstly, the statements of the assets and liabilities for marine resources are constructed from the physical assets and estimate value based on [...] Read more.

As a key component of natural resources, marine resource assets have become increasingly important in the construction of today’s ecological civilization. Firstly, the statements of the assets and liabilities for marine resources are constructed from the physical assets and estimate value based on a full discussion of the measurement approach applied to the exceptional features of marine resource assets and liabilities. Secondly, the statements of the assets and liabilities of the Ningbo-Zhoushan marine area (hereinafter to be referred as NB-ZS) are presented based on detailed data. Finally, based on empirical and case studies, this paper has constructed a three-level statement system of marine resource assets and liabilities: the statement of physical assets, the statement of estimated value, and the summarized statement. The conclusions and countermeasures include the following: (1) the measurement of the value is effective based on the measurement of the physical assets for the statement system of marine resource assets and liabilities; (2) the statement system of marine resource assets and liabilities is applied to a detailed marine area, taking NB-ZS as an example; and (3) the statement of marine resource assets and liabilities can promote the protection of marine resources and the sustainable development of the marine economy after delicate measurement of its value compared with its physical assets. Full article

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29 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Development of Rural Mountain Tourism: Insights from Consumer Behavior and Profiles

by Carina Dobre, Andreea-Cristiana Linca, Elena Toma and Adina Iorga

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9449; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219449 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the behavior of consumers in rural mountain tourism, with a particular focus on sustainability and durability. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in 2022 in Bucharest during the national tourism fair, collecting responses from 212 visitors based on their availability [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the behavior of consumers in rural mountain tourism, with a particular focus on sustainability and durability. Questionnaire surveys were conducted in 2022 in Bucharest during the national tourism fair, collecting responses from 212 visitors based on their availability to participate. Our purpose was to gather their opinions on visiting the rural areas of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania and to reveal distinct patterns in tourist preferences. The responses were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0, where descriptive analyses and the Mann–Whitney U test were performed. The study results indicated that perceptions and service satisfaction vary based on demographic and economic characteristics. Women slightly favored higher-quality accommodations and dining services, while lower-income and secondary-educated respondents expressed higher contentment with local hospitality. This research emphasizes the need for a nuanced approach to tourism services that promotes local community engagement and sustainable practices to ensure long-term environmental and economic viability. There is a clear need to develop tourism strategies that align with sustainability principles, ensuring that the Carpathian Mountains region remains attractive and resilient for future generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Travel Development)

14 pages, 6887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Geographic Distribution Patterns of Wild Magnoliaceae Species in China

by Weihao Yao, Yu Fan, Zenghui Wang, Danyang Liu, Zeyang Ding and Jing Ou

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9448; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219448 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Magnoliaceae, an ancient lineage of relict plants, were once extensively distributed throughout geological history. Understanding their species diversity, geographic distribution patterns, and hotspots is essential for providing a theoretical foundation for germplasm resource assessment, conservation, and utilization. This study presents a comprehensive catalog [...] Read more.

Magnoliaceae, an ancient lineage of relict plants, were once extensively distributed throughout geological history. Understanding their species diversity, geographic distribution patterns, and hotspots is essential for providing a theoretical foundation for germplasm resource assessment, conservation, and utilization. This study presents a comprehensive catalog of wild Magnoliaceae species in China, derived from an extensive literature review integrating geographic distribution and endemism data. Utilizing GIS 10.2 software, we analyzed data from up to July 2024, revealing that China hosts 157 wild Magnoliaceae species across 13 genera, including 11 varieties, two subspecies, and three forms. These species are distributed across 24 provincial-level administrative regions, including special administrative regions and municipalities. Yunnan Province exhibits the highest species richness, with 12 genera and 94 species, followed by Guizhou, with 9 genera and 65 species, and Guangxi, with 9 genera and 62 species. At the county level, species are found in 609 regions, with Malipo County in Yunnan recording the highest count (32 species), followed by Leishan County in Guizhou (28 species). Vertically, Magnoliaceae are most abundant in the H3 elevation band (1000 < H3 ≤ 1500 m), while the H7 elevation band (H7 > 3000 m) shows the lowest species diversity. China has two endemic genera, Pachylarnax and Woonyoungia, along with 102 endemic species, of which Michelia accounts for the highest number of endemics at 33. The species composition in Guizhou shows significant similarity to that in Guangxi, Sichuan, and Yunnan, indicating close phylogenetic relationships among these floras. The Yunnan–Guizhou–Guangxi region is identified as a “modern distribution center”, “diversity preservation center”, “hotspot”, and “refuge” for wild Magnoliaceae in China. This study highlights the importance of understanding the diversity and distribution patterns of wild Magnoliaceae for the effective conservation, development, and sustainable utilization of plant resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Nature-Based Solutions-2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Accountability for Energy Efficiency Targets on Labor Demand of Enterprises: Evidence from China’s Top-1000 Energy-Saving Program

by Yiwen Yu, Lili Ding, Yongyou Nie, Yun Pan and Zheng Jiao

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9447; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219447 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

To control energy consumption, China issued the environmental regulation policy of the Top-1000 Energy-Saving Program in 2006, and it remains to be examined whether this policy will impact enterprises’ labor demand while promoting energy conservation and consumption reduction. Based on the panel data [...] Read more.

To control energy consumption, China issued the environmental regulation policy of the Top-1000 Energy-Saving Program in 2006, and it remains to be examined whether this policy will impact enterprises’ labor demand while promoting energy conservation and consumption reduction. Based on the panel data of Chinese enterprises (2000–2010), this study employs the difference-in-differences (DID) method to investigate the impact of the Top-1000 Energy-Saving Program on the labor demand of enterprises. It is found that the policy significantly reduces enterprises’ labor demand, a finding that passes several robustness tests. Second, the effects of the policy show heterogeneity across enterprises of various sizes, ownership structures, and regions. Finally, the mechanism analysis verifies the existence of an output effect leading to a decline in enterprises’ labor demand, while the substitution effect manifests itself in the substitution of enterprises’ labor demand with the increase of capital and technological innovation. This study provides important empirical evidence for the improvement of energy efficiency policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

23 pages, 346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Internal Service Quality and Ethical Leadership on Employee Performance

by Sibel Aydemir and Emrullah Kıpçak

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9446; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219446 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

One of the most fundamental values that businesses must ensure to enhance sustainable production and productivity is the satisfaction of their internal customers. It is anticipated that an increase in the satisfaction levels of internal customers will lead to improved work performance, creating [...] Read more.

One of the most fundamental values that businesses must ensure to enhance sustainable production and productivity is the satisfaction of their internal customers. It is anticipated that an increase in the satisfaction levels of internal customers will lead to improved work performance, creating a cycle linked to the services and values provided to employees by the organization. This study aims to uncover the impact of the quality of internal services offered by manufacturing companies, as well as the ethical leadership approach, on employee performance. The data obtained from surveys conducted with 412 employees of clothing and textile companies in Van, Turkey, were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results indicate that internal service quality, particularly its dimensions of responsiveness and assurance, positively affects employee performance. Furthermore, it was observed that ethical leadership generally has a negative effect on employee performance, but the ethicality and justice dimensions and task clarity dimensions of ethical leadership affect employee performance positively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Products and Services)

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22 pages, 888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Influence of Digital Inclusive Finance on Household Financial Vulnerability in China: Insights from Health Insurance Participations

by Shuyan Liu, Yulin (Frank) Feng and Meiqi Ye

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9445; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219445 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Poverty reduction is the primary goal of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Enhancing the purchase rate of health insurance is essential for alleviating poverty caused by health shocks, as it serves as a crucial risk management tool for addressing health-related [...] Read more.

Poverty reduction is the primary goal of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Enhancing the purchase rate of health insurance is essential for alleviating poverty caused by health shocks, as it serves as a crucial risk management tool for addressing health-related risks. In this paper, we investigate the impact of digital inclusive finance on household participation in terms of health insurance and financial vulnerability, utilizing the Digital Inclusive Finance Index developed by Peking University and survey data from the China Household Finance Survey. Our findings indicate that the advancement of digital inclusive finance can significantly reduce the risk of household financial vulnerability by increasing household health insurance enrollment rate. The findings are robust across various digital inclusive finance indices, different metrics for financial vulnerability, alternative econometric models, and additional control variables. Furthermore, the effects of digital inclusive finance on health insurance enrollments and household financial vulnerability are particularly pronounced among urban households and those led by younger and more risk-averse household heads. Our findings advocate for further development of digital inclusive finance, mainly targeted at rural households and those with elderly heads, to enhance health insurance participation and mitigate the risk of illness-related poverty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Horticultural Overtourism in Tokyo: Coopetition for Successful Enticement of Visitors from Over- to Less Crowded Gardens

by Sho Shimoyamada

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219444 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Garden managers face the dilemma of promoting and preserving their gardens. Overtourism in popular gardens can be solved by cooperating to entice visitors to alternative, less popular gardens. However, such an enticement strategy may not be successful because garden managers not only cooperate [...] Read more.

Garden managers face the dilemma of promoting and preserving their gardens. Overtourism in popular gardens can be solved by cooperating to entice visitors to alternative, less popular gardens. However, such an enticement strategy may not be successful because garden managers not only cooperate with but also compete against each other (i.e., coopetition). How can garden management practitioners forge a coopetitive relationship to encourage visitors to move from over- to less crowded gardens? Addressing this question, this study aimed to propose a successful coopetitive strategy to redistribute visitors. This study was drawn primarily from semi-structured interviews with garden staff of an overcrowded national garden and multiple less crowded metropolitan gardens. A thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed a lack of cooperation between national and metropolitan gardens and highlighted the former’s aspirations for further growth despite perceived overtourism. This study proposes using the ambiguous cultural status of national and metropolitan gardens as a catalyst for coopetition between them, and contributes to the discourse on sustainable cultural tourism by broadening its scope and redressing the scholarly imbalance between an overemphasis on visitors’ behaviour and a dearth of attention on practitioners of (horti)cultural tourism. Theoretical contributions are detailed at the end of this article. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Cultural Tourism: Balancing Preservation, Development and Visitor Experience)

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19 pages, 3865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Calculation Method for Full-Time Equivalent Workers per Man-Year to Improve Fatality Rate Estimation

by Jayho Soh, Jaehyun Lee, Jaewook Jeong, Jaemin Jeong and Jeongwook Son

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9443; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219443 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

The fatality rate in the construction industry is a key indicator for assessing safety management, with the number of workers being a critical factor in its estimation. Many countries rely on sampling inspections or assumptions to determine the number of workers, which can [...] Read more.

The fatality rate in the construction industry is a key indicator for assessing safety management, with the number of workers being a critical factor in its estimation. Many countries rely on sampling inspections or assumptions to determine the number of workers, which can lead to inaccuracies in evaluating the fatality rate. In this study, we developed a method to calculate the full-time equivalent workers per man-year (FTEW_m·y) to more accurately estimate the fatality rate, taking into account building and work types using daily work reports (DWRs). The research process included six steps: (i) selecting a target project; (ii) establishing a database; (iii) developing the FTEW_m·y framework based on the DWR; (iv) validating the framework; (v) calculating the FTEW_m·y for residential building projects in the Republic of Korea; and (vi) applying the framework. The key findings included the following: the FTEW_m·y/USD for residential projects was 1.1 × 10⁻³ FTEW_m·y/USD, with the framework achieving an accuracy of 85.30% and an R² value of 92.92% through five-fold cross-validation. The FTEW_m·y for residential buildings in the Republic of Korea was 4.5 × 10⁷ FTEW_m·y, and the fatality rate was 0.011‱. This framework offers a more precise way of evaluating fatality rates by considering specific building and work types, improving safety management practices in the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhanced Sustainable Construction Management through Industry 4.0 Technologies)

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24 pages, 27358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping Rural Mobility in the Global South: Case Studies of Participatory GIS Approach for Assessments of Daily Movement Needs and Practice in Nepal and Kenya

by Pablo De Roulet, Jérôme Chenal, Jean-Claude Baraka Munyaka and Uttam Pudasaini

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9442; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219442 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

This paper investigates rural mobility in the Global South using a participatory GIS approach to address the lack of mobility data that hampers sustainable planning to support rural development and resilience. Limited rural mobility due to poor infrastructure and financial constraints hinders social [...] Read more.

This paper investigates rural mobility in the Global South using a participatory GIS approach to address the lack of mobility data that hampers sustainable planning to support rural development and resilience. Limited rural mobility due to poor infrastructure and financial constraints hinders social and economic activities, impeding development. The study aims to explore the socio-economic impacts of limited mobility, identify software needs for data-scarce environments, and map daily mobility patterns. Fieldwork was conducted in Kenya (2022) and Nepal (2023), collecting geographic data related to mobility. The methodology included community engagement and digital mapping using the QField app for precise data collection. The study highlights the use of participatory GIS to fill data gaps, enabling more accurate mobility assessments. Community engagement revealed gender-specific mobility patterns, with women facing particular challenges in daily activities. The study emphasizes the need for adaptable data models to reflect community-specific mobility needs and the integration of qualitative insights to propose effective and sustainable mobility solutions. This research contributes to understanding rural mobility in the Global South and demonstrates the effectiveness of participatory GIS in overcoming data scarcity and enhancing mobility analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Transportation Engineering and Mobility Safety Management)

27 pages, 410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Agro-Food Planning System: Democratic, Decentralized, Holistic, and Voluntary Participatory

by Murat Öztürk

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219441 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

In both capitalist and socialist economies, agricultural planning has been understood as the allocation of areas for planting of certain products; the production potential and ability to act rationally of farmers, the main productive actors, have been neglected. In addition, in both economic [...] Read more.

In both capitalist and socialist economies, agricultural planning has been understood as the allocation of areas for planting of certain products; the production potential and ability to act rationally of farmers, the main productive actors, have been neglected. In addition, in both economic structures, the desired results have only been partially achieved by determining prices. These experiences reveal two important results. Firstly, agriculture can not be fully planned, but it cannot be continued without planning either. Secondly, it is necessary for agricultural products to have an exchange value, but price is a multifunctional phenomenon and how it is determined is important. The current equivalent of the claim that prices are determined through the market mechanism is to advocate that prices are determined by capitalist companies that have monopoly power in the markets. The increasingly severe problems and increasing fragility of agricultural food markets, which are already largely under the control of these institutions, already show that this structure is not a solution. On the other hand, it is no longer possible to provide food security by planning for primary agricultural products alone; agro-food production and distribution have acquired different structural characteristics, and it has become necessary to address food security within the framework of agro-food systems. Therefore, effective agricultural planning requires the planning of the agricultural food system as a whole. The e-nam system being popularized in India has achieved a certain success and shows not only that it is possible to organize and manage agricultural food markets after primary production but also that technological opportunities offer effective planning opportunities. In this study, based on historical and current experiences, the inadequacies of the market mechanism, the fact that agricultural production is carried out by using living things to produce living things, and the dependency of uncontrollable factors are taken into consideration in the development of a democratic mix of centralized and decentralized planning aimed at determining both the production quantities and prices by utilizing the capacity and conditions of farmers and technological opportunities to meet today’s needs. In accordance with this result, a basic planning proposal is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security)

19 pages, 1981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Convergence Analysis of Urban Economic Resilience in China—A Case Study of Jiangsu Province

by Xin Ma and Fen Jia

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9440; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219440 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Increased external uncertainties and growing tensions within the urban economic system pose new challenges to the urban economy. How to improve the quality of urban economic development and enhance the resilience of urban economies has become a new goal for sustainable urban development. [...] Read more.

Increased external uncertainties and growing tensions within the urban economic system pose new challenges to the urban economy. How to improve the quality of urban economic development and enhance the resilience of urban economies has become a new goal for sustainable urban development. Therefore, taking Jiangsu Province as an example, this study aims to explore the evolutionary trend of urban economic resilience and provide valuable references for cultivating and enhancing urban economic resilience. Initially, a system of indicators is established based on three dimensions: resistance, adaptability, and resilience. Then, combined with the entropy method, coefficient of variation method, kernel density method, natural break-point method, and Theil index, the spatial and temporal differences of economic elasticity of 13 cities in Jiangsu Province from 2006 to 2021 are analyzed. Finally, exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial convergence models are applied to investigate the spatial correlation and convergence of urban economic resilience. The results show an upward trend in the economic resilience of the cities in Jiangsu Province, but with significant regional differences and agglomeration. A downward trend in the level of economic resilience is observed from Southern Jiangsu to Northern Jiangsu. The spatial convergence model suggests that the economic resilience growth of cities will gradually converge to the same stable level, and the regional differences have a trend of reduction. In the future, the Jiangsu region needs to strengthen regional cooperation, enhance the role of the central city to drive, and continuously improve the economic resilience of the city to promote high-quality economic development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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22 pages, 525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Electric Vehicle Adoption in Türkiye: Analyzing User Motivations Through the Technology Acceptance Model

by Barış Can Bektaş and Güzin Akyıldız Alçura

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9439; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219439 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

The popularity of electric vehicles offers the opportunity to analyze decision-making processes by examining user behavior. Determining the motivation of the user to use an innovation will guide decision-makers in supporting the innovation in question. This study investigates the factors electric car users [...] Read more.

The popularity of electric vehicles offers the opportunity to analyze decision-making processes by examining user behavior. Determining the motivation of the user to use an innovation will guide decision-makers in supporting the innovation in question. This study investigates the factors electric car users in Türkiye consider based on the Technology Acceptance Model. A questionnaire was used to measure Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, and Intention to Use with the external factors of Subjective Norm, Compatibility, and Image. The relationships were analyzed with PLS-SEM established with the participation of 414 electric vehicle users. Subjective Norms and Image directly impact Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and Intention to Use. It has been determined that Compatibility has a direct effect on Ease of Use and an indirect effect on Usefulness and Intention. According to this study, in which most people are dissatisfied with charging and range issues, the opinion of the social environment and family is the most important external factor affecting intention. Our findings suggest improving the charging station network and technology, as well as implementing informative activities related to the features of electric vehicles, in order to contribute to users’ adoption of electric vehicles. Full article

21 pages, 1156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Operational Energy in Historic Religious Buildings: A Qualitative Approach

by Étienne Berthold, Kim Pawliw, Mathieu St-Pierre, Francis Pronovost and Léa Méthé

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9438; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219438 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Typically, operational energy is approached and evaluated from a quantitative point of view and, to a large extent, according to life cycle assessment (LCA). This article seeks to develop a qualitative approach to assess the past operational energy of a historic religious building [...] Read more.

Typically, operational energy is approached and evaluated from a quantitative point of view and, to a large extent, according to life cycle assessment (LCA). This article seeks to develop a qualitative approach to assess the past operational energy of a historic religious building in the province of Quebec, Canada. We propose a method for determining the past thermal sensation of individuals residing in a monastery by evaluating this sensation using the thermal sensation vote (TSV) related to the predicted mean vote (PMV). Doing so allows us to infer the operational temperatures and setpoints, providing an additional indicator of energy consumption. The proposed method is based on the identification and analysis of individual perceptions contained in archive documents, facilitating the reconstruction of the expressed thermal sensation and of a TSV index. The method is deployed on a prospective basis, enabling the creation of a chronological series designed to exhaustively document the thermal sensation during heating periods. This article contributes to discussions among critics who have observed a mismatch between TSV indices and PMV parameters and prognosis. It also brings us closer to a finer understanding of thermal comfort and the use/consumption of operational energy in historic religious buildings. Full article

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29 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Sustainable Crop Yields: Deep Learning and Explainable AI Tools

by Ivan Malashin, Vadim Tynchenko, Andrei Gantimurov, Vladimir Nelyub, Aleksei Borodulin and Yadviga Tynchenko

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9437; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219437 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

Optimizing agricultural productivity and promoting sustainability necessitates accurate predictions of crop yields to ensure food security. Various agricultural and climatic variables are included in the analysis, encompassing crop type, year, season, and the specific climatic conditions of the Indian state during the crop’s [...] Read more.

Optimizing agricultural productivity and promoting sustainability necessitates accurate predictions of crop yields to ensure food security. Various agricultural and climatic variables are included in the analysis, encompassing crop type, year, season, and the specific climatic conditions of the Indian state during the crop’s growing season. Features such as crop and season were one-hot encoded. The primary objective was to predict yield using a deep neural network (DNN), with hyperparameters optimized through genetic algorithms (GAs) to maximize the R² score. The best-performing model, achieved by fine-tuning its hyperparameters, achieved an R² of 0.92, meaning it explains 92% of the variation in crop yields, indicating high predictive accuracy. The optimized DNN models were further analyzed using explainable AI (XAI) techniques, specifically local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME), to elucidate feature importance and enhance model interpretability. The analysis underscored the significant role of features such as crops, leading to the incorporation of an additional dataset to classify the most optimal crops based on more detailed soil and climate data. This classification task was also executed using a GA-optimized DNN, aiming to maximize accuracy. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in predicting crop yields and classifying optimal crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI for Sustainable Real-World Applications)

17 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Economic Impacts of Sustainable Energy: An Analysis of Ohio’s Community Solar Program

by Tuyen Pham, Clara Bone and G. Jason Jolley

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9436; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219436 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” is one of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. A key target for achieving this goal is increasing the share of renewable energy. In the United States, many states are evaluating [...] Read more.

“Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all” is one of the United Nations’ 17 Sustainable Development Goals. A key target for achieving this goal is increasing the share of renewable energy. In the United States, many states are evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of the renewable energy transition. This study provides an in-depth evaluation of the economic impact of Ohio’s proposed Community Solar Pilot Program, which plans to install 1750 MW of new solar capacity, including 250 MW on distressed Appalachian sites. We combine two input–output models to estimate the economic impact of community solar projects: the Jobs and Economic Development Impact (JEDI) model from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) for the construction phase, and IMPLAN for the projects’ 25-year lifespan. Data for this study were gathered through surveys of local solar developers, who are familiar with the regional costs of installing and operating solar projects. Our findings indicate that the community solar program could support 32,430 full-time job years and contribute USD 4.37 billion to Ohio’s Gross State Product (GSP). Additionally, the program could generate USD 409.5 million in local tax revenue over its lifetime. The study highlights the potential of renewable energy initiatives to foster economic growth, particularly in economically distressed regions like Appalachian Ohio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional and Local Economic Development and Policies in Sustainable Economy)

25 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessReview

Addressing the Significance of the Union List with a Focus on Marine Invasive Alien Species Impacts

by Merica Slišković, Katja Božić, Jelena Žanić Mikuličić and Ines Kolanović

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9435; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219435 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

In the European Union, regulations and policies have been established to prevent and manage invasive alien species (IAS). The EU Regulation 1143/2014/EC, commonly known as the IAS Regulation, identifies species that pose significant ecological risks, requiring a coordinated response across all EU Member [...] Read more.

In the European Union, regulations and policies have been established to prevent and manage invasive alien species (IAS). The EU Regulation 1143/2014/EC, commonly known as the IAS Regulation, identifies species that pose significant ecological risks, requiring a coordinated response across all EU Member States. These species are classified as “species of Union concern” based on thorough risk assessments and standardized procedures within the EU. Accordingly, species are included in The List of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern (the Union list), which is subject to regular updates through continuous species evaluations. Currently, the majority of the species on this list are terrestrial and freshwater with few marine species represented. The primary aim of this paper is to review the procedure for the inclusion of species in the Union list. The steps for inclusion are outlined by the IAS Regulation and associated legislation, which govern the risk assessment process. In addition, this paper synthesizes available scientific literature and official documents to summarize the impacts of Plotosus lineatus and Rugulopteryx okamurae on biodiversity and ecosystem services. The potential for future updates to the Union list is currently under consideration, and some marine species are within. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainability, Biodiversity and Conservation)

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19 pages, 1599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Spatiotemporal Disparities and Spatial Spillover Effect of a Low-Carbon Economy in Chinese Provinces Under Green Technology Innovation

by Xiu Liu, Zhuo He, Zixin Deng and Sandeep Poddar

Sustainability 2024, 16(21), 9434; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219434 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2024

Abstract

This research, set against the backdrop of rapid global advancements in green technology innovation and aligned with China’s sustainable development strategy, conducts an in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal disparities and spatial spillover effect of a low-carbon economy in Chinese provinces. Following empirical analysis [...] Read more.

This research, set against the backdrop of rapid global advancements in green technology innovation and aligned with China’s sustainable development strategy, conducts an in-depth analysis of the spatiotemporal disparities and spatial spillover effect of a low-carbon economy in Chinese provinces. Following empirical analysis and data testing, the study draws the following conclusions: (1) China’s low-carbon economy is subject to significant regional differences. Over time, the development level has improved annually, with the number of provinces above the middle level of low-carbon economy rising from 11 in 2010 to 22 in 2022. However, regional differences persist. The eastern region has shown the most significant progress, while the central area encountered its initial challenges first, and the development of the western area has unfolded in a more segmented manner. (2) In this paper, the low-carbon economy in China shows notable characteristics of spatiotemporal agglomeration, with the number of high–high agglomeration provinces rising from four in 2010 to seven in 2022, an increase of 78% year-on-year. The number of provinces and provinces in the low–low agglomeration mode increased from two in 2010 to six in 2022, a year-on-year increase of 200%. (3) China’s low-carbon economy demonstrates notable spatiotemporal evolution. The development process tends to remain stable during transitions, with a high likelihood of sustaining the current state while gradually advancing, avoiding abrupt changes across levels. (4) Innovations in green technology exert a positive influence on the advancement of the low-carbon economy, with a clear spatial spillover effect. In light of these findings, the research offers targeted recommendations for society, enterprises, and government stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Fuel Consumption and Pollutant Emission Management)

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